Take a chance

Mistrust is a common cause of conflict between individuals belonging to different identity groups. When can such mistrust be overcome? We present a theoretical model of trust-building across social identity groups to address this question. Trust between groups increases when individuals in one group are willing to take a chance on engaging with members of the other group, their engagement is positively reciprocated, and they are able to credibly communicate the experience to their fellow group members, thereby increasing their belief that members of the other group are trustworthy. This process is made easier if the individuals are not too hostile to the out-group, are flexible enough to change their beliefs in response to new information, and are sufficiently attached to their own group to be honest about their experiences with out-group members

Collective identity · Computer security · Group (periodic table) · Group process · Identity (music) · Internet privacy · Political science · Politics · Social group · Social identity theory · Trustworthiness · Computer Science · Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies · Law · Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence · Psychology · Social Capital and Networks · Social Psychology

• Managing trust under dynamic information

  Open Access•Fanzheng Yang, Tanya Rosenblat et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2025

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• Options Outside Unification through Military Force

  Chia-Chou Wang•Communist and Post-Communist…•2024

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• Dominant group backlash? Majority responses to minority participation in the police

  Open Access•Matthew Nanes•Journal of Peace Research•2023

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• Rent-Free in Your Head? How Generalised Trust is Affected by the Trust and Salience of Outgroups

  Open Access•Michael Kumove•Social Indicators Research•2023

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• The Social Psychology of Intergroup Reconciliation

  Arie Nadler, Thomas Malloy et al.•Social Psychology of Inter-Group…•2008

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• Trusting Enemies

  Nicholas J Wheeler•Trusting Enemies•2018

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• Discrimination in a Segmented Society

  Chaim Fershtman, Uri Gneezy•The Quarterly Journal of Economics•2001

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• Positive reciprocity and intentions in trust games

  Open Access•Kevin A McCabe, Kevin McCabe et al.•Journal of Economic Behavior &…•2003

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• Deception

  Uri Gneezy•American Economic Review•2005

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• Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History

  Open Access•Joyce E Berg, Joyce Berg et al.•Games and Economic Behavior•1995

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• Trust and Mistrust in International Relations

  Andrew H Kydd•Trust and Mistrust in International…•2005

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• CHAPTER Five Commitment Problems and the Spread of Ethnic Conflict

  James D Fearon•International Spread of Ethnic…•1998

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• Segregation and Mistrust

  Open Access•Eric M Uslaner•Segregation and Mistrust•2012

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• The Search for Reconciliation

  Open Access•Yinan He•Search for Reconciliation•2009

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• Measuring Identity

  Open Access•Henry E Brady, Donald A Sylvan et al.•Measuring Identity•2009

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• The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust

  Eric M slaner, Eric M Uslaner•Oxford Handbook of Social and…•2017

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• Who trusts others

  Open Access•Alberto Alesina, Eliana La Ferrara•Journal of Public Economics•2002

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• Intergroup Trust in Northern Ireland

  Open Access•Tania Tam, Miles Hewstone et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2008

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• Beyond the group mind

  Tim Wildschut, Brad Pinter et al.•Psychological Bulletin•2003

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• The contact hypothesis re-evaluated

  Open Access•Elizabeth Levy Paluck, Seth Ariel Green et al.•Behavioural Public Policy•2018

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• Improving intergroup relations through direct, extended and other forms of indirect contact

  Open Access•John F Dovidio, Anja Eller et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2011

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• Extended contact effects as a function of closeness of relationship with ingroup contacts

  Open Access•Nicole Tausch, Miles Hewstone et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2011

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• Intergroup contact and reconciliation among Liberian refugees

  Pablo De Tezanos‐pinto, Agostino Mazziotta et al.•Peace and Conflict Journal of…•2017

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• Trust Building via Risk Taking

  Open Access•K S Cook, Toshio Yamagishi et al.•Social Psychology Quarterly•2005

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• A comparison of trust and reciprocity between France and Germany

  Open Access•Marc Willinger, Claudia Keser et al.•Journal of Economic Psychology•2003

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• Future directions for intergroup contact theory and research

  Open Access•T F Pettigrew•International Journal of…•2008

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• Building trust among enemies

  Open Access•Herbert C Kelman•International Journal of…•2005

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• (How) does positive and negative extended cross‐group contact predict direct cross‐group contact and intergroup attitudes

  Open Access•Agostino Mazziotta, Anette Rohmann et al.•European Journal of Social…•2015

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• Reducing intergroup conflict through the consideration of future consequences

  Open Access•Scott T Wolf, Taya R Cohen et al.•European Journal of Social…•2009

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• Interindividual‐intergroup discontinuity as a joint function of acting as a group and interacting with a group

  Open Access•Tim Wildschut, Chester A Insko et al.•European Journal of Social…•2007

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• The security dilemma and ethnic conflict

  Barry R Posen•Survival•1993

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• Consequences of Diversity for Social Cohesion and Prejudice

  Open Access•Miles Hewstone•Journal of Social Issues•2015

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• Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position

  Herbert Blumer•The Pacific Sociological Review•1958

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• Grundlagen der Sozialtheorie [Foundations of Social Theory]. Handlungen und Handlungssysteme

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• The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups

  George A Quattrone, Edward E Jones•Journal of Personality and Social…•1980

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• Ethnic Diversity and Generalized Trust in Europe

  Open Access•Marc Hooghe, Tim Reeskens et al.•Comparative Political Studies•2009

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• Cooperation under the Security Dilemma

  Open Access•Robert Jervis•World Politics•1978

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• Casual Contact and Ethnic Bias

  Luke N Condra, Sera Linardi•The Journal of Politics•2019

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• E Pluribus Unum

  Open Access•Robert D Putnam•Scandinavian Political Studies•2007

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• Forgive and Forget? Antecedents and Consequences of Intergroup Forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina

  Open Access•Sabina Čehajić, Rupert Brown et al.•Political Psychology•2008

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• A Dynamic Model of Generalized Social Trust

  Open Access•T K Ahn, Justin E Esarey et al.•Journal of Theoretical Politics•2008

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• Building Trust in a Postconflict Society

  Open Access•Jared B Kenworthy, Alberto Voci et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2016

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• Trust, Reassurance, and Cooperation

  Open Access•Andrew H Kydd, Andrew Kydd•International Organization•2000

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• The Politics of Risking Peace

  Kenneth A Schultz•International Organization•2005

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• The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement

  Open Access•Barbara F Walter•International Organization•1997

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• Does Ethnic Diversity Erode Trust? Putnam’s ‘Hunkering Down’ Thesis Reconsidered

  Open Access•Patrick Sturgis, Ian Brunton-Smith et al.•British Journal of Political…•2011

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• Interindividual-Intergroup Discontinuity as a Function of Trust and Categorization

  Chester A Insko, Jeffrey L Kirchner et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2005

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• The extended contact effect

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• A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory

  T F Pettigrew, Linda R Tropp•Journal of Personality and Social…•2006

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• Civic Engagement and Particularized Trust

  Open Access•Eric M Uslaner, Richard S Conley et al.•American Politics Research•2003

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• Separating Trust from Cooperation in a Dynamic Relationship

  Open Access•Toshio Yamagishi, Kanazawa et al.•Rationality and Society•2005

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• Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation

  Steve Knack, Philip Keefer•The Quarterly Journal of Economics•1997

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• Social Capital and Diversity Generalized Trust, Social Cohesion and Regimes of Diversity

  Open Access•Marc Hooghe•Canadian Journal of Political…•2007

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• The Psychology of Prejudice

  Open Access•Marilynn B Brewer•Journal of Social Issues•1999

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• Cheap Talk

  Open Access•J Farrell, Matthew Rabin•The Journal of Economic…•1996

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• Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust

  Open Access•P T Dinesen, Kim Mannemar Sønderskov•American Sociological Review•2015

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• Ethnicity and Trust

  Open Access•Donna Bahry, Mikhail Kosolapov et al.•American Political Science Review•2005

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• Ethnic Diversity and Its Effects on Social Cohesion

  Tom Van Der Meer, T W G Tom Van Der Meer et al.•Annual Review of Sociology•2014

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• Social Capital and Social Trust in Britain

  Yaojun Li•European Sociological Review•2005

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