Fortifications and Military Tactics

For more than a century scholars have agreed that Fulk Nerra, known to some as Builder, constructed or saw to the construction of perhaps as many as thirty strongholds, most made of stone, in the county of Anjou and its environs during his reign (987-1040).' Recently this view has come under severe attack. In 1957 Jean Hubert argued that the traditional view that Fulk built a stone donjon at Langeais circa 993-94 cannot be sustained from the written sources. He pointed out that Richer, a contemporary, calls Langeais a castrum and an oppidum, while in a contemporary charter the fortification is called a castellum.2 Hubert's doubts were stimulated, at least in part, by

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• Crusading warfare and its adaptation to eastern conditions in the twelfth century

  John France•Mediterranean Historical Review•2000

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