Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Asian business systems

Institutional Comparison, Clusters and Implications for Varieties of Capitalism and Business Systems Theory

Bibliographic Data

ID4237229
AuthorsMichael A Witt (0000-0002-4701-6283, INSEAD, corresponding author), Gordon Redding (0000-0002-8864-2280, INSEAD)
Year2013
Volume11
Issue2
Pages265-300
Publication date2013-04-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueSocio-Economic Review (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1475-1461 • E-ISSN: 1475-147X
PublisherOxford University Press (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1093/ser/mwt002
OpenAlexW3121387911
LanguageEN
Citations received69
References cited46

We present an institutional comparison of 13 major Asian business systems—China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam—with one another and five major Western economies—France, Germany, Sweden, the UK and the USA. We find five major types of business systems in Asia: (post-)socialist, advanced city, emerging Southeast Asian, advanced Northeast Asian and Japanese. With the exception of Japan, all Asian forms of capitalism are fundamentally distinct from Western types of capitalism. We conclude that the Varieties of Capitalism (VOC) dichotomy is not applicable to Asia; that none of the existing major frameworks capture all Asian types of capitalism; and that Asian business systems (except Japan) cannot be understood through categories identified in the West. Our analysis further suggests a need for the field to invest in further research on social capital, culture, informality and multiplexity

Asian studies · Business system planning · Capitalism · China · Development economics · East Asia · Economics · Economy · Ethnology · Geography · Management · Political science · Politics · Sociology · Southeast asia · Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy · Social Policy and Reform Studies · Socioeconomic Development in Asia

  • China's Innovation Challenge

    Arie Y Lewin, Martin Kenney et al.•China's Innovation Challenge•2016

  • Industrial Cluster Dynamics

    Open Access•Max-Peter Menzel•International Encyclopedia of the…•2015

  • Reframing research for cross-cultural management

    Open Access•Rosalie L Tung•China's Innovation Challenge•2016

  • The Spectre of State Capitalism

    Open Access•Ilias Alami, Adam D Dixon•The Spectre of State Capitalism•2024

  • New Varieties of State Capitalism

    Aldo Musacchio, Sérgio G Lazzarini et al.•Academy of Management Perspectives•2015

  • State capitalism(s) redux? Theories, tensions, controversies

    Open Access•Ilias Alami, Adam D Dixon•Competition & Change•2020

  • Corporate Governance Meets Corporate Social Responsibility

    Open Access•Rashid Zaman, Tanusree Jain et al.•Business & Society•2022

  • Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries as an Emerging Field of Study

    Open Access•Dima Jamali, Charlotte Karam et al.•International Journal of…•2018

  • Varieties of institutional systems

    Open Access•Stav Fainshmidt, William Q Judge et al.•Journal of World Business•2018

  • The strength and weaknesses of the varieties of capitalism approach

    Open Access•Krzysztof Jasiecki•International Journal of…•2018

  • Changing configuration of Philippine capitalism

    Antoinette R Raquiza•Philippine Political Science…•2014

  • Emerging varieties of incorporated capitalism. Theoretical considerations and empirical evidence

    Open Access•Daniel Buhr, Rolf Frankenberger•Business and Politics•2014

  • Which model of capitalism best delivers both wealth and equality?

    Open Access•William Q Judge, Stav Fainshmidt et al.•Journal of International Business…•2014

  • The Business Systems of the World's Leading 61 Economies

    Open Access•Michael A Witt, Luiz Ricardo Kabbach De Castro et al.•SSRN Electronic Journal•2015

  • The Layering of Meso-Level Institutional Effects on Employment Systems in Japan

    Open Access•Jonathan Morris, Robyn Delbridge et al.•British Journal of Industrial…•2018

  • Self-consciousness negatively mediates the positive association between internalized weight bias and weight status in cross-cultural survey and brain imaging study

    Open Access•Yuko Nakamura, Karin Hayashi et al.•Frontiers in Psychiatry•2025

  • The digital great leap forward mapping China's 21st century attempt to create a new growth model

    Open Access•Ágnes Szunomár•Acta Oeconomica•2020

  • What attracts foreign direct investment into autocratic states? Regime time horizon and institutional design

    Open Access•Lin Cui, Chungshik Moon•World Economy•2020

  • Communicative institutionalization of CSR

    Tae Ho Lee•Journal of Applied Communication…•2020

  • Informal institutions and international business

    Open Access•Luis Alfonso Dau, Aya S Chacar et al.•Journal of International Business…•2022

  • Regulatory pluralism and the resolution of collective labour disputes in Southeast Asia

    Open Access•Ingrid Landau, John Howe et al.•Journal of Industrial Relations•2023

  • The cooperation between business organizations, trade unions, and the state during the Covid‐19 pandemic

    Open Access•Bernd Brandl•Industrial Relations A Journal of…•2023

  • Rethinking corporate social responsibility under contemporary capitalism

    Open Access•Chung Hee Kim•Business Ethics, the Environment…•2022

  • Responsible Leadership Types

    Open Access•Christian Voegtlin, A Crane•Business Ethics, the Environment…•2026

  • Reputation and trust on online labour markets

    Open Access•Alessandro Gandini, Alessandro Gandini Alessandro Gandini et al.•Work Organisation Labour &…•2016

  • Socialism and Capitalism Through the Russian Prism. Lineages of Concept Formation and the (Post-)Soviet Experience

    Sebastian Hoppe, Friedrich Asschenfeldt•Europe Asia Studies•2024

  • Responsible leadership toward garnering legitimacy from stakeholders in India

    Open Access•Sadhna Sargam, Ashish Pandey•Cross Cultural & Strategic…•2023

  • The role of Yin-Yang leadership and cosmopolitan followership in fostering employee commitment in China

    Open Access•Hyun‐Jung Lee, Carol Reade•Cross Cultural & Strategic…•2018

  • Introduction. Towards a Sociology of India’s Economic Elite

    Open Access•Surinder S Jodhka, Jules Naudet•South Asia Multidisciplinary…•2017

  • Critique and expansion of conceptions of control

    Open Access•L I Wang, Maofu Wang et al.•Sociology Compass•2024

  • Strategic responses of social enterprises to institutional pressures in China

    Janelle A Kerlin, Shuyang Peng et al.•Journal of Asian Public Policy•2020

  • How Firms Communicate Their Social Roles through Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Citizenship, and Corporate Sustainability

    Tae Ho Lee•International Journal of…•2021

  • Defining the Socially Responsible Leader

    Open Access•David A Waldman, Donald S Siegel et al.•Journal of Leadership &…•2019

  • Conceptualizing variety in platform capitalism

    Open Access•Christopher Foster•Globalizations•2024

  • Social capital as it pertains to international ventures in Asia

    Open Access•Bjarne G Sørensen, Bo Bernhard Nielsen•International Journal of Cross…•2018

  • The Weberian ideal type in political economy

    Rosa Mulè, Günter Walzenbach•New Political Economy•2024

  • Linking institutions and firm-level outcomes

    Stefan Kirchner•Innovation The European Journal…•2016

  • Comparative capitalism and emerging economies

    Anita Hammer•Review of International Political…•2019

  • Oil and state capitalism

    Jonas Meckling, Bo Kong et al.•Review of International Political…•2015

  • Introduction to the Symposium on the 21st STOREP Conference

    Angela Ambrosino, Enrico Bellino et al.•Review of Political Economy•2026

  • Varieties of hierarchical capitalism

    Richard W Carney•The Pacific Review•2015

  • Technology policy by other means? The recent history of state-owned acquisitions in Europe (2011–2020)

    Matteo Landoni•Scandinavian Economic History…•2026

  • Varieties of Capitalism in Asia

    Open Access•David Hundt, Jitendra Uttam•Varieties of Capitalism in Asia•2017

  • Routledge handbook of the contemporary Philippines

    Martha Alter Chen, Françoise J Carré et al.•Routledge Handbook of the…•2018

  • A Two‐Dimensional Framework of National Governance and Its Effects on Attracting Foreign Direct Investment

    Open Access•Wenyan Yin, Hwy‐chang Moon et al.•Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies•2025

  • Expanding the framework of the varieties of capitalism

    Open Access•Jiyan Kıran•Journal of Eurasian Studies•2017

  • Comparative capitalism and the empirical taxonomy of context

    Open Access•Drew Woodhouse, Andrew Johnston•Critical Perspectives on…•2023

  • Emne heterogeneity explored

    Open Access•Bart Mathijs Postma, Rian Drogendijk•Critical Perspectives on…•2026

  • International relationships and resilience of New Zealand SME exporters during Covid-19

    Open Access•Benjamin Fath, Antje Fiedler et al.•Critical Perspectives on…•2021

  • Asian varieties of service capitalism

    Open Access•Andrew Jones, Patrik Ström•Geoforum•2018

  • Exploring the Roles of Social Networks and Absorptive Capacity in Local Firms’ Strategic Flexibility

    Open Access•Zhigang Fan, Xuanshun Zhai et al.•Science Technology and Society•2023

  • Varieties of Capitalism and Cross-national Variation in Fertility Rates

    Open Access•Masoud Movahed, Emilio A Parrado•Demography•2026

  • Positive Externality

    Open Access•Shihui Chen, Bingde Wu•SAGE Open•2025

  • Effective policy mixes in entrepreneurial ecosystems

    Open Access•Hongqi Wang, Tianyi Zhao et al.•Small Business Economics•2023

  • International business, multinational enterprises and nationality of the company

    Alfred Reckendrees, Boris Gehlen et al.•Business History•2022

  • Varieties of Capitalism and Welfare Regime Theories

    Open Access•Martin Schröder•KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für…•2019

  • Varieties of capitalism and income inequality

    Open Access•Masoud Movahed•International Journal of…•2023

  • Public-private coordination in large emerging economies

    Christian May, Andreas Nölke et al.•Contemporary Politics•2019

  • Diversity of Southeast Asian Capitalisms

    Edmund Terence Gomez, Elsa Lafaye De Micheaux•Journal of Contemporary Asia•2017

  • When venture capital is patient capital

    Robyn Klingler‐vidra, Robyn Klingler-Vidra•Socio-Economic Review•2016

  • Mapping the business systems of 61 major economies

    Open Access•Michael A Witt, Luiz Ricardo Kabbach De Castro et al.•Socio-Economic Review•2018

  • Risky Investments

    Open Access•K K Hoang•American Sociological Review•2018

  • Institutional legacy of state corporatism in de-industrial labour markets

    Sophia Seung-Yoon Lee•Socio-Economic Review•2016

  • The adverse consequences of quantitative easing (QE)

    Open Access•Stefano Maiani, Michael J Lamla et al.•Socio-Economic Review•2024

  • Twenty years of 'Law and Finance

    Gerhard Schnyder, Mathias Siems et al.•Socio-Economic Review•2021

  • Reluctant state capitalism

    Open Access•Donal Palcic, Eoin Reeves et al.•Environment and Planning A…•2023

  • A 'New' Economic Elite in India

    Open Access•Jivanta Schoettli, Markus Pohlmann•South Asia Multidisciplinary…•2017

  • Tracking habitus across a transnational professional field

    Open Access•Crawford Spence, Chris Carter et al.•Work Employment and Society•2016

  • Mutual dependence and selective coercion

    Zongshi Chen•Chinese Sociological Review•2020

  • Fuzzy-Set Social Science

    Charles C Ragin•Fuzzy-Set Social Science•2000

  • The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism

    Sean Redding, Gordon Redding et al.•Spirit of Chinese Capitalism•1990

  • Conjectures and Refutations

    Karl Popper, Melitta Mew et al.•Conjectures and Refutations•2014

  • Understanding the Process of Economic Change

    Douglass C North•Understanding the Process of…•2005

  • The Fundamental Institutions of China's Reforms and Development

    Chenggang Xu•Journal of Economic Literature•2011

  • The Oxford Handbook of Asian Business Systems

    Michael A Witt, Gordon Redding•Oxford Handbook of Asian Business…•2014

  • Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance

    Open Access•Douglass C North•Institutions, Institutional…•1990

  • The ‘Lost Decade’ and Japanese Business Studies

    Open Access•D Eleanor Westney•Asian Business & Management•2006

  • The Futures of European Capitalism

    Vivien A Schmidt•The Futures of European Capitalism•2002

  • An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism

    Peter A Hall, David Soskice•Varieties of Capitalism•2001

  • Introduction

    Wolfgang Streeck, Streeck Wolfgang et al.•Beyond continuity•2005

  • China

    Open Access•FRED ROBINS•Asian Business & Management•2010

  • Introduction

    Bob Hancké, Martin Rhodes et al.•Beyond varieties of capitalism•2007

  • Buchbesprechungen

    Alexander Pundt•Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und…•2006

  • Comparing capitalisms

    Open Access•Grégory Jackson, Richard Deeg•Journal of International Business…•2008

  • The End of Diversity

    Kozo Yamamura, Wolfgang Streeck•End of Diversity?•2003

  • The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Institutional Analysis

    Glenn Morgan, John L Campbell et al.•The Oxford handbook of…•2010

  • Information, Incentives and Bargaining in the Japanese Economy

    Open Access•Masahiko Aoki•Information, Incentives and…•1988

  • Configurational Comparative Methods

    Benoît Rihoux, C C Ragin et al.•Comparative methods•2009

  • The Diversity of Capitalism and Heterogeneity of Firms—A Case Study of Japan during the Lost Decade

    Open Access•Sébastien Lechevalier•Evolutionary and Institutional…•2007

  • Investor protection and corporate governance

    Open Access•Rafael La Porta, Florencio López‐de‐silane et al.•Journal of Financial Economics•2000

  • The practice of social research

    Earl R Babbie•The practice of social research•2010

  • The social construction of reality

    Peter L Berger, Peter L Luckmann Thomas A Berger et al.•The social construction of reality•1967

  • The Architecture of Markets

    Neil Fligstein•Architecture of Markets•2001

  • Putting the Political Back into Political Economy by Bringing the State Back in Yet Again

    Open Access•Vivien A Schmidt•World Politics•2009

  • Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Complementarities in the Political Economy

    Open Access•Peter A Hall, Daniel W Gingerich•British Journal of Political…•2009

  • Culture Does Evolve

    Open Access•W G Runciman•History and Theory•2005

  • The History and Theory of Empires

    Open Access•Philip Pomper•History and Theory•2005

  • Changing varieties of capitalism and revealed comparative advantages from 1990 to 2005

    Martin Schneider, Martin R Schneider et al.•Socio-Economic Review•2012

  • Miti and the Japanese Miracle. The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975

    Kent E Calder, Chalmers Johnson•Pacific Affairs•1983

  • British Factory-Japanese Factory. The Origins of National Diversity in Industrial Relations

    Jo Tomlinson, J W C Tomlinson et al.•Pacific Affairs•1977

  • Culture-Level Dimensions of Social Axioms and Their Correlates across 41 Cultures

    Open Access•Michael Harris Bond, Kwok Leung et al.•Journal of Cross-Cultural…•2004

Unique citing works69
Citations per year5,75
Citation span2014 - 2026 (13)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 69

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae