Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

The Destruction of Cultural Property in the Syrian Conflict

Legal Implications and Obligations

Bibliographic Data

ID4282889
AuthorsEmma Cunliffe (0000-0002-8888-3252, Oxford Archaeology), Nibal Muhesen (0009-0009-6050-5303), Marina Lostal (0000-0002-9682-7197)
Year2016
Volume23
Issue1
Pages1-31
Publication date2016-02-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueInternational Journal of Cultural Property (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0940-7391 • E-ISSN: 1465-7317
PublisherCambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1017/s0940739116000011
OpenAlexW2290058818
LanguageEN
Citations received37
References cited22

This article comes as the conflict in Syria has entered its fifth year, bringing with it loss of life and the displacement of the Syrian people as well as extensive damage to, and destruction of, the country's cultural heritage. This article will first provide an overview and explanation of the national and international legal framework for protecting cultural property in conflict as it applies to the Syrian State and the non-State actors involved, using examples from the whole conflict, including the recent actions of Da'esh. Second, we demonstrate that the destruction of all types of cultural property, regardless of its importance, can be considered a prosecutable violation of these laws, and we examine the possibilities for prosecution. Following from this discussion, we question whether the existing framework can be considered effective and consider the role the international heritage community can play

Cultural heritage · Cultural property · Displacement (psychology · Epistemology · Law and economics · Political science · Property (philosophy · Sociology · State (computer science · Archaeological Research and Protection · Archaeology and Historical Studies · Law · Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts · Philosophy · Psychology

  • Heritage in the crossfire

    Open Access•Masood Khodadadi•Tourism Recreation Research•2026

  • Generalising Harf Beyond Bamiyan

    Open Access•Kawsar Arzomand, Tatiana Kalganova•Heritage•2026

  • Demolition of Monuments as a Phenomenon of Culture in Global and Local Contexts

    Open Access•Viktoriya Sukovata•Studies on National Movements•2022

  • Preserving cultural heritage and empowering indigenous communities for sustainable development in Fiji

    Open Access•Mumtaz Alam•Social Sciences & Humanities Open•2025

  • Cultural heritage that heals

    Marina Lostal, Emma Cunliffe•The Historic Environment Policy &…•2016

  • The practical use of police databases of stolen works of art in the protection of national heritage in selected European Union countries

    Open Access•Jacek Dworzecki•Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo•2021

  • The Museum System of Modern Kazakhstan

    Open Access•Abay Satubaldin, Kunikey Sakhiyeva•Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo•2021

  • La Cour pénale internationale face à la destruction du patrimoine culturel

    Vittorio Mainetti•Ethnologies•2018

  • Cultural Heritage Under Attack

    Adnan Ahmed Dogar, Ikram Shah et al.•Heritage & Society•2024

  • Raqqa, Syria in the Summer of 2017

    K Hanson•Heritage & Society•2022

  • Memory without Monuments

    Metin Dora•Heritage & Society•2026

  • From the Ashes

    Open Access•Pádraig McAuliffe•Santander Art and Culture Law…•2023

  • Cultural Heritage Destruction and Construction in Border Disputes

    Open Access•Sherine Al Shallah•Santander Art and Culture Law…•2025

  • Looking Humanity in the Eye and Seeing its Loss in the Eyes of the ICC

    Open Access•Musab Talha Günay•Santander Art and Culture Law…•2019

  • The impact of the Syrian conflict on archaeological sites in Al-Hasakah province

    Open Access•Adnan Rashid Mamo, Ismael M Ibraheem et al.•Journal of Archaeological Science…•2022

  • Between the Lines

    Open Access•Rubina Raja•Journal of Eastern Mediterranean…•2024

  • Museums as Intermediaries in Repatriation

    Jack Green•Journal of Eastern Mediterranean…•2017

  • The War in Tigray and Its Immediate Impact on Cultural Heritage in Eastern Tigray

    Gebretsadkan Mulubrhan, Fikre Belay Tekulu et al.•Journal of African Archaeology•2024

  • Protecting cultural property in Syria

    Open Access•Polina Levina•International Review of the Red…•2017

  • Destructive trends in contemporary armed conflicts and the overlooked aspect of intangible cultural heritage

    Open Access•Victoria Arnal•International Review of the Red…•2020

  • Re-imagining Syria

    Ammar Azzouz•City•2020

  • Archaeology, assistance, and aggression along the Euphrates

    Carmen Luke, L Meskell•International Journal of Cultural…•2019

  • The Price of Conflict

    Salah Hussein Al-Houdalieh, Hasan Said Jamal•Palestine Exploration Quarterly•2024

  • Problematizing norms of heritage and peace

    Open Access•Benjamin Isakhan, Ali Akbar•Cooperation and Conflict•2022

  • Archaeological sites in conflict zones

    Salah Hussein Al-Houdalieh•Contemporary Levant•2026

  • Exploring reasons for divergent local communities’ responses to antiquities preservation during conflict in the northwest of Syria – 2014-2023

    Open Access•Adnan Almohamad, Husam Al Saad et al.•Journal of Social Archaeology•2023

  • Jabhat al-Nusra’s attitudes towards tangible heritage in Syria

    Adnan Almohamad, Samir Alabdullah•Journal of Conflict Archaeology•2024

  • Modelling norm cluster expansion

    Open Access•Benjamin Isakhan, L Meskell•European Journal of International…•2025

  • Heritage destruction in Myanmar's Rakhine state

    Ronan Lee, Jose Antonio Gonzalez Zarandona•International Journal of Heritage…•2020

  • Unesco's project to 'Revive the Spirit of Mosul

    Benjamin Isakhan, L Meskell•International Journal of Heritage…•2019

  • Heritage under attack

    Johan Brosché, Mattias Legnér et al.•International Journal of Heritage…•2017

  • Layers of religious and political iconoclasm under the Islamic State

    Benjamin Isakhan, Jose Antonio Gonzalez Zarandona•International Journal of Heritage…•2018

  • The Islamic State's Targeting of Christians and their Heritage

    Benjamin Isakhan, Sofya Shahab•International Journal of Heritage…•2022

  • Shifting the paradigm on cultural property and heritage in international law and armed conflict

    Luke Moffett, Dacia Viejo Rose et al.•International Journal of Heritage…•2020

  • Armed Non-State Actors and Cultural Heritage in Armed Conflict

    Open Access•Marina Lostal, Kristin Hausler et al.•International Journal of Cultural…•2017

  • Introduction

    Open Access•Fiona Greenland•International Journal of Cultural…•2019

  • Refugee Protection through Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Home Country and Refugee Journey

    Open Access•Sherine Al Shallah•International Journal of Cultural…•2023

  • Protection of Cultural Property

    Roger O’keefe, Roger O'Keefe•The Oxford Handbook Of…•2014

  • The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research

    Open Access•Emma Waterton, Steve Watson•Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary…•2015

  • Inactive, Reactive, or Pro-Active

    Joris D Kila•Journal of Eastern Mediterranean…•2013

  • Satellite-Based Monitoring of Looting and Damage to Archaeological Sites in Syria

    J Casana, Mitra Panahipour•Journal of Eastern Mediterranean…•2014

  • Archaeological Site Damage in the Cycle of War and Peace

    Emma Cunliffe•Journal of Eastern Mediterranean…•2014

  • Syrian Heritage under Threat

    Cheikhmous Ali•Journal of Eastern Mediterranean…•2013

  • Reconstructing Heritage in the Aftermath of Civil War

    Dacia Viejo Rose•Journal of Intervention and…•2013

  • Study on customary international humanitarian law

    Open Access•Jean‐marie Henckaerts•International Review of the Red…•2005

  • Archaeology, Cultural Property, and the Military

    Jon Price•Public Archaeology•2011

  • The Criminalization of Offences against Cultural Heritage in Times of Armed Conflict

    M Frulli•European Journal of International…•2011

  • Creating the Iraq cultural property destruction database

    Benjamin Isakhan•International Journal of Heritage…•2015

  • Cultural Heritage' or 'Cultural Property

    Open Access•Lyndel V Prott, Patrick J O''Keefe et al.•International Journal of Cultural…•1992

  • A question of national importance

    Open Access•Timothy Darvill, Andrew Saunders et al.•Antiquity•1987

  • Destruction of a common heritage

    Open Access•John Chapman, John J Chapman•Antiquity•1994

Unique citing works37
Citations per year3,7
Citation span2016 - 2026 (11)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 35

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae