Shit in Developing Cities

About one-third of the global human population does not have access to an effective toilet. As a result, disease-carrying feces contaminate the human environment causing more than seven hundred thousand child deaths each year from diarrhea, poor child development as a result of worm infestations, and numerous other disastrous health impacts. But, particularly for women and girls, the social impacts-including violence encountered while seeking a place to defecate and the gross indignity of defecating in the open-are equally significant and horrifying. For the nearly one billion people living in overcrowded urban slums, these impacts are especially severe. A massive global effort is needed to achieve the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal of providing sanitation for all by 2030, particularly in the slums, which are expected to double in population over the same period

Developing country · Diarrhea · Diarrhoeal disease · Economic growth · Environmental health · Geography · Open defecation · Population · Sanitation · Socioeconomics · Sociology · Toilet · Child Nutrition and Water Access · Healthcare and Environmental Waste Management · Medicine · Urban and Rural Development Challenges

• Institutional change for the development of urban sanitation in the Global South

  Open Access•Héloïse Valette, Marine Colon•Utilities Policy•2024

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  Open Access•Christa L Fischer Walker, Igor Rudan et al.•The Lancet•2013

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• Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing

  Open Access•Jean H Humphrey•The Lancet•2009

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• Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low‐ and middle‐income settings

  Open Access•Annette Prüss‐Üstün, John Bartram et al.•Tropical Medicine & International…•2014

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• Height and cognitive achievement among Indian children

  Open Access•Dean Spears•Economics & Human Biology•2011

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• Health, hygiene and appropriate sanitation

  Open Access•Deepa Joshi, Ben Fawcett et al.•Environment and Urbanization•2011

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• The state of urban health in India; comparing the poorest quartile to the rest of the urban population in selected states and cities

  Open Access•Siddharth Agarwal•Environment and Urbanization•2011

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• Violence, gender and Wash

  Open Access•Marni Sommer, Suzanne Ferron et al.•Environment and Urbanization•2014

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• Is it possible to reach low-income urban dwellers with good-quality sanitation

  Open Access•David Satterthwaite, Diana Mitlin et al.•Environment and Urbanization•2015

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• All we want are toilets inside our homes!”

  Open Access•Anupama Nallari•Environment and Urbanization•2015

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