Slow Growth

N a landmark article John Borchert divided the evolution of the urban system in the United States into four major epochs: the Sail-Wagon Epoch, 1790 to 1830; the Iron Horse Epoch, 1830 to 1870; the Steel-Rail Epoch, 1870 to 1920; and the AutoAir-Amenity Epoch, 1920 to the 1960's.1 Each of the four epochs was characterized by a set of distinctive economic/technological, demographic, and geographical patterns that affected the regional and internal structure of urban growth. Cities grew, or declined, in response to innovations, especially those in industrial energy sources and transportation technology. Borchert described the importance of such innovations as follows

Archaeology · Astronomy · Epoch (astronomy · Galaxy · Geography · Metropolitan area · Physics · Sociology · American Environmental and Regional History · Demography · History

• Risky Business

  Open Access•A Timur Sevincer, Jung Yul Kwon et al.•Journal of Cross-Cultural…•2021

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• The U.S. Metropolitan Corporate and Population Hierarchies, 1960–1980

  James O Wheeler•Geografiska Annaler Series B…•1985

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• An Evaluation of Generation and Region as Urban Categories

  David K Patton, Robert Lloyd•Urban Geography•1999

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• The Spread of Change in Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Growth in the United States, 1940–1976

  Richard L Morrill•Urban Geography•1980

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• Silver in the Stars and Gold in the Morning Sun’

  Lee-Anne S Milburn, Robert Brown et al.•Landscape Research•2010

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• Residential preferences and population redistribution

  Open Access•Glenn V Fuguitt, David L Brown•Demography•1990

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• Residential preferences, community satisfaction, and the intention to move

  Open Access•T B Heaton, Tim Heaton et al.•Demography•1979

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• Nonmetropolitan growth in the late 1970s

  Open Access•Kerry Richter•Demography•1985

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