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Swans, Conflicts, and Resonance

Local Movements and the Reform of Chilean Environmental Institutions

Bibliographic Data

ID4501310
AuthorsClaudia Sepúlveda (0000-0002-2133-8700), Pablo Vera-Villarroel (0000-0001-9187-8414), Pablo Villarroel
Year2012
Volume39
Issue4
Pages181-200
Publication date2012-07-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueLatin American Perspectives (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0094-582X • E-ISSN: 1552-678X
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/0094582x12441519
OpenAlexW2045993443
LanguageEN
Citations received26
References cited9

A major legal reform of Chilean environmental institutions was approved in November 2009, at the end of Michelle Bachelet's administration. In sharp contrast with the external pressures that provided the impetus for the establishment of the country's environmental institutions in the early 1990s, this time the driving forces came mainly from an "internal demand," a broad social and political consensus about the need to improve the environmental framework. This consensus was a consequence of the institutional breakdown revealed by a local movement that emerged in Valdivia, southern Chile, in response to a major ecological disaster produced by the effluents of a pulp mill that polluted a protected wetland and caused the death and migration of an endangered population of black-necked swans. Although the Valdivian movement did not succeed in stopping the disaster and restoring the wetland, it triggered an unprecedented examination of the performance of environmental institutions, finally forcing the 2009 environmental reform. The resonance of the Valdivian movement can be understood in the context of dozens of environmental conflicts that had been accumulating for more than a decade, largely as an effect of the crisis of legitimacy of environmental institutions. Although this recently approved legislation represented an overall advance, it failed to address the issues that led to the institutional breakdown, in particular the need for democratization of decision making and the broadening of public participation. Paradoxically, thus, the reform perpetuated the crisis of legitimacy that underlay its origin, reinforcing the exclusionary mechanisms that largely explain socio-environmental unrest and ecological destruction in Chile. Una reforma mayor a las instituciones ambientales de Chile fue aprobada en noviembre de 2009, cerca del fin del mandato de Michelle Bachelet. En claro contraste con las presiones externas que impulsaron el establecimiento de las instituciones ambientales del país a principios de la década de los noventa, las fuerzas impulsoras de dicha reforma provinieron de una "demanda interna" que dio paso a un amplio consenso político y social sobre la necesidad de mejorar el marco legal ambiental. Tal consenso fue consecuencia del quiebre institucional provocado por un movimiento local surgido en Valdivia, en el sur de Chile, en respuesta a un agudo desastre ecológico producido por los efluentes de una celulosa, los que contaminaron un humedal protegido y causaron la muerte y migración de una población amenazada de cisnes de cuello negro. Aunque el movimiento valdiviano no logró su propósito de detener el desastre y restaurar el humedal, gatilló una revisión sin precedentes del desempeño de las instituciones ambientales, forzando finalmente su reforma a fines del 2009. La resonancia del movimiento valdiviano puede ser mejor entendida en el contexto de decenas de conflictos ambientales que venían acumulándose por mas de una década en Chile, en gran parte como efecto de la crisis de legitimidad de las instituciones ambientales. A pesar de que la reforma legal recientemente aprobada representa un avance general, ella falló en dar respuesta a las causas que condujeron al quiebre de las instituciones ambientales, en particular a las demandas por la democratización de las decisiones y la ampliación de la participación ciudadana. Paradójicamente, por tanto, la reforma perpetuó la misma crisis de legitimidad que le dio origen, reforzando el carácter excluyente de un marco legal que largamente explica el malestar socioambiental prevaleciente así como la destrucción ecológica en Chile

Democracy · Democratization · Development economics · Economics · Environmental justice · Legislation · Legitimacy · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Population · Sociology · Environmental and Cultural Studies in Latin America and Beyond · Environmental law and policy · Law · Water Governance and Infrastructure

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Unique citing works26
Citations per year2,17
Citation span2014 - 2026 (13)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 26

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