Choice and prohibition in non-monotonic contexts

Bibliographic Data

ID4569018
AuthorsNicole Gotzner (0000-0002-9584-4518, Leibniz-Centre General Linguistics, corresponding author), Jacopo Romoli (0000-0003-2165-4559, University of Ulster), Paolo Santorio (0000-0001-6840-7630, University of Maryland, College Park)
Year2020
Volume28
Issue2
Pages141-174
Publication date2020-06-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueNatural Language Semantics (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0925-854X • E-ISSN: 1572-865X
PublisherSpringer Science and Business Media LLC (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1007/s11050-019-09160-9
OpenAlexW2984054378
LanguageEN
Citations received5
References cited31

Disjunctions in the scope of possibility modals give rise to a conjunctive inference, generally referred to as 'free choice.' For example,Emma can take Spanish or Calculussuggests that Emma can take Spanish and can take Calculus. This inference is not valid on standard semantics for modals in combination with a Boolean semantics for disjunction. Hence free choice has sparked a whole industry of theories in philosophy of language and semantics. This paper investigates free choice in sentences involving a non-monotonic modified numeral, under which we embed a possibility modal scoping over disjunction. One example isExactly one student can(not) take Spanish or Calculus. As we point out, the presence (or absence) of certain readings of these sentences is a key test for a prominent approach, which analyzes free choice as a kind of scalar implicature. We report on two experiments investigating the readings of such sentences, using an inferential task. Our results are challenging for the implicature approach. We sketch two possible solutions within this approach, either adopting a different recent implicature algorithm, or exploring a different meaning for modified numerals withexactly. Both of them suffer from a variety of problems. We then discuss a third solution, which exploits a recent account of free choice based on homogeneity. This approach can account for our results, in combination with plausible assumptions about homogeneity projection, though it too has open issues with related cases. Regardless of which solution is chosen, non-monotonic contexts turn out to be an important test case for theories of free choice, implicature, and modified numerals

Implicature · Inference · Linguistics · Mathematical economics · Modal verb · Monotonic function · Pragmatics · Programming language · Verb · Advanced Algebra and Logic · Computer Science · Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge · Mathematics · Philosophy · Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation · Artificial Intelligence

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