Surface and Sublevel Hate
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 5260944 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Luke Munn (0000-0002-1018-7433, The University of Queensland, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2023 |
| Volume | 10 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Publication date | 2023-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Big Data & Society (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 2053-9517 • E-ISSN: 2053-9517 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1177/20539517221148136 |
| OpenAlex | W4320006218 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 7 |
| References cited | 15 |
On the face of it, contemporary "alt-tech" platforms appear more moderate than legacy hate havens. Yet it's also clear that virulent hate in the form of misogyny, white supremacy, and xenophobia has not disappeared. Probing this tension, this article conceptualizes two forms of hate: Surface "Hate" (moderate content that is highly visible and easily accessible) and Sublevel Hate (explicit content that is more marginal and less discernible). These terms are illustrated by examining several viral videos on Rumble. This twinned mechanism explains how alt-tech platforms can be both accessible and extreme at the same time. Stratified hate is strategic, heightening the appeal and durability of online communities. Recognizing this dangerous dynamic is key for interventions seeking to counter it
Aesthetics · Appeal · Art · Law and economics · Media studies · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Rumble · Sociology · Xenophobia · Computer Science · Gender, Feminism, and Media · Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection · Law · Social Media and Politics
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| Unique citing works | 7 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,5 |
| Citation span | 2024 - 2026 (3) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 6 |