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Background Unequal disease burdens such as SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and COVID-19 outcomes across race/ethnicity groups have been reported. Misclassification of and missing race and ethnicity (race/ethnicity) data hinder efforts to identify and address health disparities in the US Military Health System (MHS); therefore, we evaluated the statistical accuracy of administratively recorded race/ethnicity data in the MHS Data Repository (MDR) through comparison to self-reported race/ethnicity collected via questionnaire in the Epidemiology, Immunology, and Clinical Characteristics of Emerging Infectious Diseases with Pandemic Potential (EPICC) cohort study. Methods The study population included 6009 active duty/retired military (AD/R) and dependent beneficiaries (DB). Considering EPICC study responses the 'gold standard,' we calculated sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) by race/ethnicity category (non-Hispanic (NH) White, NH Black, Hispanic, NH Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI), NH American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN), NH Other, missing/unknown). Results Among AD/R, the highest sensitivity and PPV values were for NH White (0.93, 0.96), NH Black (0.90, 0.92), Hispanic (0.80, 0.93), and NH A/PI (0.84, 0.95) and lowest for NH AI/AN (0.62, 0.57) and NH Other (0.09, 0.03). The MDR was missing race/ethnicity data for approximately 63% of DB and sensitivity values, though not PPV, were comparatively much lower: NH White (0.35, 0.88), NH Black (0.55, 0.89), Hispanic (0.13, 1.00), and NH A/PI (0.28, 0.84). Conclusions Our evaluation of MDR race/ethnicity data revealed misclassification, particularly among some minority groups, and substantial missingness among DB. The potential bias introduced impacts the ability to address health disparities and conduct health research in the MHS, including studies of COVID-19, and needs further examination.

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