Confronting the caliphate? Explaining civil resistance in jihadist proto-states

Bibliographic Data

ID6061237
AuthorsI Svensson (0000-0002-1242-4180, Uppsala University, corresponding author), Daniel Finnbogason (0000-0003-3332-9366, Uppsala University)
Year2021
Volume27
Issue2
Pages572-595
Publication date2021-06-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueEuropean Journal of International Relations (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1354-0661 • E-ISSN: 1460-3713
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/1354066120976790
OpenAlexW3111725325
LanguageEN
Citations received15
References cited63

Research has shown the potential of nonviolent civil resistance in challenging autocratic state regimes (e.g. Sharp, 1973; Chenoweth and Stephan, 2011). Yet, little is known about its applicability in jihadist proto-states, that is, territories governed by militant jihadist groups. We argue that civil resistance is more likely to occur when jihadists impose a rule that local populations perceive as alien and when organizational structures capable of collective nonviolent mobilization are activated. We develop this argument through a comparative analysis of three jihadist proto-states: one in which manifest and organized civil resistance occurred (Islamic Emirate of Azawad in Mali in 2012), and two in which it did not: the Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2008) and the Islamic Principality of al-Mukalla in Yemen (2015–2016). Whereas the former was met with mainly armed resistance (the Sunni Awakening campaign), the latter saw neither armed nor unarmed organized and collective resistance by locals under its rule. We demonstrate how variation in the jihadists’ governing strategies (especially the degree of adaptation to local conditions) as well as in the social structures for mobilization (i.e. whether opposition was channeled through civil society networks or tribal networks) created different conditions for civil resistance. This study adds to a growing research discussion on civil resistance against rebel governance (e.g. Arjona, 2015; Kaplan, 2017). More broadly, our study is an innovative first attempt to bridge research on terrorism, rebel governance, and civil resistance, three fields that have been siloed in previous research

Autocracy · Caliphate · Civil society · Corporate governance · Democracy · Geography · Ideology · Islam · Jihadism · Militant · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Sociology · Spanish Civil War · Terrorism · Law · Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts · Political Conflict and Governance · Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence