Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Identifying Judicial Empathy

Does Having Daughters Cause Judges to Rule for Women's Issues

Bibliographic Data

ID6229409
AuthorsAdam N Glynn (0000-0001-9038-9598, Emory University), Adam Glynn (Emory University), Malcolm Sen (0000-0001-5090-0814, Harvard University Press), Maya Sen (Harvard University)
Year2015
Volume59
Issue1
Pages37-54
Publication date2015-01-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueAmerican Journal of Political Science (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0092-5853 • E-ISSN: 1540-5907
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/ajps.12118
OpenAlexW2152781747
LanguageEN
Citations received83
References cited45

In this article, we consider whether personal relationships can affect the way that judges decide cases. To do so, we leverage the natural experiment of a child's gender to identify the effect of having daughters on the votes of judges. Using new data on the family lives of U.S. Courts of Appeals judges, we find that, conditional on the number of children a judge has, judges with daughters consistently vote in a more feminist fashion on gender issues than judges who have only sons. This result survives a number of robustness tests and appears to be driven primarily by Republican judges. More broadly, this result demonstrates that personal experiences influence how judges make decisions, and this is the first article to show that empathy may indeed be a component in how judges decide cases

Affect (linguistics · Empathy · Leverage (statistics · Political science · Computer Science · Gender Politics and Representation · Judicial and Constitutional Studies · Law · Legal and Constitutional Studies · Psychology · Social Psychology

  • Who matters for memory

    Open Access•Heidi Hardt•The Review of International…•2018

  • Empirically Investigating Judicial Emotion

    Open Access•Terry A Maroney•Oñati Socio-legal Series•2019

  • Religion, family structure, and the perpetuation of female genital cutting in Egypt

    Open Access•Lisa Blaydes, Melina R Platas•Journal of Demographic Economics•2020

  • La imposibilidad de un juez. Realismo jurídico, inteligencia artificial y la búsqueda de un justo medio

    Open Access•Dyango Bonsignore Fouquet•Estudios Penales y Criminológicos•2023

  • Female policymakers and educational expenditures

    Open Access•Li‐ju Chen•European Journal of Law and…•2021

  • Interactions with Powerful Female Colleagues Promote Diversity in Hiring

    Marco Battaglini, Jorgen Harris et al.•Journal of Labor Economics•2023

  • The cognitive underpinnings of judicial bias

    Open Access•Daniel L Chen, Jimmy Graham et al.•International Review of Law and…•2026

  • Does gender diversity in panels of judges matter? Evidence from French child support cases

    Open Access•Cécile Bourreau-Dubois, Myriam Doriat-Duban et al.•International Review of Law and…•2020

  • How many women judges are enough on international courts

    Open Access•Andreas Føllesdal•Journal of Social Philosophy•2021

  • Shaped by their daughters

    Open Access•Henrik Cronqvist, Frank Yu•Journal of Financial Economics•2017

  • Queens

    Oeindrila Dube, S P Harish•National Bureau of Economic…•2017

  • Does the Gender of Offspring Affect Parental Political Orientation

    Byungkyu Lee, D Conley•Social Forces•2016

  • Men’s and Women’s Gender-Role Attitudes across the Transition to Parenthood

    Open Access•F Perales, Y Jarallah et al.•Social Forces•2018

  • Since you put it that way… Gender norms and interruptions at Supreme Court oral arguments

    Open Access•Shane A Gleason•Social Science Quarterly•2024

  • Could Children’s Gender Predict Their Parents’ Housework Behavior

    Open Access•Xiaodong Sun, Kedao Lai et al.•SAGE Open•2023

  • The Yoke of Objectivity in Public Administration (and Beyond)

    Open Access•Erynn E Beaton, Jos C N Raadschelders et al.•Perspectives on Public Management…•2024

  • Having a granddaughter and voting for female candidates

    Open Access•Eiji Yamamura•Social Science Japan Journal•2024

  • Intergroup contact in the context of gender. A critical review of the literature and opportunities for future research

    Open Access•Gosia Mikolajczak, Alexandra N Fisher et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2025

  • Judges, ‘common sense’ and judicial cognition

    Kylie Burns•Griffith Law Review•2016

  • Unveiling polish judges’ views on empathy and impartiality

    Open Access•Mateusz Stępień•Frontiers in Sociology•2024

  • Delegation, Compliance, and Judicial Decision Making in the Court of Justice of the European Union

    Open Access•Sivaram Cheruvu, Jay N Krehbiel•Journal of Law and Courts•2022

  • Attributes beyond Attitudes

    Open Access•Matthew E K Hall, Gary E Hollibaugh et al.•Journal of Law and Courts•2021

  • Lacking Legislative Experience

    Open Access•Rob Robinson•Journal of Law and Courts•2024

  • Trailblazer women in the Supreme Court of Canada

    Susan W Johnson, Ali S Masood•Politics Groups and Identities•2021

  • Effects of Network Size, Diversity, and Interaction Frequency on Individual Creativity

    Open Access•Gowoon Noh•Social Sciences•2022

  • Daughters Do Not Affect Political Beliefs in a New Democracy

    Open Access•Anthony Clayton, Daniel De Kadt et al.•Journal of Experimental Political…•2022

  • Judging the Judiciary by the Numbers

    Open Access•Jeffrey J Rachlinski, Andrew J Wistrich•Annual Review of Law and Social…•2017

  • The Role of Gender Norms in Judicial Decision-Making at the U.S. Supreme Court

    Open Access•Shane A Gleason, Jennifer Jones et al.•American Politics Research•2018

  • Cognitive enhancement in the judiciary

    Open Access•Giovana Lopes•Revista Direito Estado e Sociedade•2021

  • Seeing Like a District

    Open Access•Andrew Bertoli, Chad Hazlett•Political Analysis•2025

  • Who Sits in Judgment? Judicial Appointments, Diversity, and the Legitimacy of Justice

    Open Access•Pere Esther Amazige•International Journal for the…•2025

  • How social identity and social diversity affect judging

    Open Access•Lee Epstein, Jack Knight•Leiden Journal of International Law•2022

  • Married Women's Economic Rights Reform in State Legislatures and Courts, 1839–1920

    Open Access•Sarah Chatfield•Studies in American Political…•2018

  • Introducing the Lead Data Set

    Cali M Ellis, Michael C Horowitz et al.•International Interactions•2015

  • Street-Level Bias

    Open Access•Sagi Gershgoren, Nissim Cohen•The American Review of Public…•2023

  • Compassion & planning

    Open Access•Lawrence W C Lai, Kwong Wing Chau et al.•Cities•2020

  • Trait empathy predicts a preference for the spirit of the law

    Open Access•Guilherme F C F de Almeida, Brian Flanagan et al.•Journal of Research in Personality•2025

  • Gender stereotypes underlie child custody decisions

    Open Access•Luiza Lopes Franco Costa, Ana Beatriz Dillon Esteves et al.•European Journal of Social…•2019

  • The Effect of Children's Gender on Parents’ Attitudes Toward Women

    Open Access•Nicole Y Wesley, James Garand•Social Science Quarterly•2021

  • La barémisation des indemnités pour licenciement abusif

    Claudine Desrieux, Ricardo Espinosa et al.•Revue économique•2020

  • Cognitive Biases in Street‐Level Resolutions

    Open Access•Sagi Gershgoren, Ofek Edri-Peer et al.•Public Administration•2024

  • Queens

    Oeindrila Dube, Santosh Harish et al.•Journal of Political Economy•2019

  • Gender Disparities in Sentencing

    Open Access•Arnaud Philippe•Economica•2020

  • So Help Me God’? Does oath swearing in courtroom scenarios impact trial outcomes

    Open Access•Ryan Mckay, Will M Gervais et al.•British Journal of Psychology•2023

  • Child’s Gender, Parents’ Gender Ideology

    Open Access•Rui Cao•Journal of Family Issues•2025

  • How do institutional constraints affect judicial decision-making? The European Court of Justice’s French language mandate

    Open Access•Sivaram Cheruvu•European Union Politics•2019

  • Inferring Individual Preferences from Group Decisions

    Open Access•Dominik Hangartner, Benjamin E Lauderdale et al.•British Journal of Political…•2025

  • A good judge has no sex’? Understanding judicial gender representation with insights from Haiti

    Marianne Tøraasen•European Journal of Politics and…•2025

  • I’m Doing This for My Daughter

    Open Access•Sarah A Fulton, Kevin Arceneaux et al.•Women & Politics•2025

  • Yellin’ at Yellen

    James Bisbee, Nicolò Fraccaroli et al.•The Journal of Politics•2025

  • Because He Is Gay

    Ana Bracic, Mackenzie Israel-Trummel et al.•The Journal of Politics•2023

  • Explaining Preferences from Behavior

    Avidit Acharya, Matthew Blackwell et al.•The Journal of Politics•2018

  • Twice the Trouble

    Jens Olav Dahlgaard, Kristine M Hansen et al.•The Journal of Politics•2021

  • Empathy in a Citizen Deliberation Experiment

    Open Access•Kimmo Grönlund, Kaisa Herne et al.•Scandinavian Political Studies•2017

  • Does appealability foster more citizen‐friendly decisions at the street level

    Open Access•Sagi Gershgoren, Nissim Cohen•Regulation & Governance•2023

  • Descriptive representation and public support for Supreme Court nominees

    Open Access•Jaclyn Kaslovsky, Jon C Rogowski et al.•Political Science Research and…•2021

  • The Intergroup Foundations of Policy Influence

    Open Access•Rachael K Hinkle, Michael J Nelson•Political Research Quarterly•2018

  • You Think; Therefore I Am

    Open Access•Shane A Gleason, Emilee Smart•Political Research Quarterly•2023

  • Political Candidacy and Sibling Sex Composition

    Open Access•Rasmus T Pedersen, Jens Olav Dahlgaard•Political Behavior•2023

  • Helping to Break the Glass Ceiling? Fathers, First Daughters, and Presidential Vote Choice in 2016

    Open Access•Jill S Greenlee, Tatishe M Nteta et al.•Political Behavior•2020

  • The Electoral Costs and Benefits of Feminism in Contemporary American Politics

    Open Access•Marzia Oceno, Nicholas A Valentino et al.•Political Behavior•2023

  • Valuing the Future

    Open Access•Alexander F Gazmararian•Political Behavior•2025

  • Black Lives, White Kids

    Open Access•Allison P Anoll, Andrew M Engelhardt et al.•Perspectives on Politics•2022

  • Bias and Judging

    Allison P Harris, Malcolm Sen et al.•Annual Review of Political Science•2019

  • Father Founders

    Open Access•John Collins Pope, Jeremy C Pope et al.•American Journal of Political…•2021

  • Ascriptive Characteristics and Perceptions of Impropriety in the Rule of Law

    Open Access•Yoshikuni Ono, Michael A Zilis•American Journal of Political…•2022

  • Family Matters

    Open Access•Zack Grant, Jane Green et al.•British Journal of Political…•2025

  • Family Ties? The Limits of Fathering Daughters on Congressional Behavior

    Open Access•Mia Costa, Jill S Greenlee et al.•American Politics Research•2019

  • Working Mothers Represent

    Open Access•Lisa A Bryant, Julia Marin Hellwege•American Politics Research•2019

  • Well said

    Open Access•Shane A Gleason, Krystoff Kissoon•Law & Policy•2025

  • Humor and Persuasion

    Open Access•Siyu Li, Tom Pryor•Law & Policy•2020

  • The only daughters effect

    Open Access•Gabriela Flores, M Fernanda Garcia et al.•Equal Opportunities International•2024

  • That's what friends are for

    Open Access•Andrej Kokkonen, David Karlsson•British Journal of Sociology•2017

  • "Conflicts of interests" within and between elite assemblages in the legal production of space

    Open Access•Leah Sophie Horowitz•Geographical Journal•2022

  • How voter mobilization from short text messages travels within households and families

    Open Access•Yosef Bhatti, Jens Olav Dahlgaard et al.•Electoral Studies•2017

  • Allies Already Poised to Comply

    Open Access•Elizabeth A Hoffmann•Law & Society Review•2019

  • Trailblazers and Those That Followed

    Open Access•Laura P Moyer, Susan B Haire•Law & Society Review•2015

  • Trading Diversity? Judicial Diversity and Case Outcomes in Federal Courts

    Open Access•Ryan Copus, Ryan Hübert et al.•American Political Science Review•2025

  • Trickle-Up Political Socialization

    Open Access•Jens Olav Dahlgaard•American Political Science Review•2018

  • Family Matters

    Open Access•Sean Williamson, Claire L Adida et al.•American Political Science Review•2021

  • How the Trump Administration's Quota Policy Transformed Immigration Judging

    Open Access•Elise N Blasingame, Christina L Boyd et al.•American Political Science Review•2024

  • Constitutional Reform and the Gender Diversification of Peak Courts

    Open Access•Nancy Arrington, Lilas Ba et al.•American Political Science Review•2021

  • Child Sex Composition, Parental Sex Preferences, and Marital Outcomes

    Open Access•E Smith-Greenaway, Emily Smith‐greenaway et al.•Journal of Marriage and the Family•2019

  • No Man's Land

    Kathleen Gerson•No Man's Land•1994

  • Social and psychological factors affecting fertility

    Clyde Vernon Kiser, Milbank Memorial Fund et al.•Social and psychological factors…•1946

  • The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited

    Open Access•Jeffrey A Segal, Harold J Spaeth•Supreme Court and the Attitudinal…•2002

  • Female Socialization

    Ebonya Washington, Ebonya L Washington•American Economic Review•2008

  • Randomization Analysis of Experimental Data

    Donald B Rubin•Journal of the American…•1980

  • Multivariate Matching Methods That Are Monotonic Imbalance Bounding

    M Iacu, Stefano M Iacus et al.•Journal of the American…•2011

  • Partisan Families

    Open Access•Alan S Zuckerman, Josip Dasovic et al.•Partisan Families•2007

  • Family Man

    Scott Coltrane•Family man•1996

  • Daughters and Left-Wing Voting

    Andrew J Oswald, Nattavudh Powdthavee•The Review of Economics and…•2010

  • The Effects of Sons and Daughters on Men's Labor Supply and Wages

    Shelly Lundberg, Elaina Rose•The Review of Economics and…•2002

  • The Effect of a Child's Sex on Support for Traditional Gender Roles

    E F Shafer, Esther Shafer et al.•Social Forces•2011

  • Battered women have more sons

    Kanazawa•Journal of Evolutionary Psychology•2008

  • The Effect of Daughters on Partisanship and Social Attitudes Toward Women

    Open Access•D Conley, E Rauscher•Sociological Forum•2013

  • Baby X revisited

    Open Access•Laura S Sidorowicz, G Sparks Lunney•Sex Roles•1980

  • Sex differences

    Open Access•SANDRA McCONNELL CONDRY, Sandra Condry et al.•Sex Roles•1983

  • Gender Differences in Family Stories

    Open Access•Barbara H Fiese, Gemma Skillman•Sex Roles•2000

  • Exploring the Determinants of Feminist Consciousness in the United States

    Beth Reingold, Heather Foust•Women & Politics•1998

  • Son preference and sex composition of children

    Open Access•Shelley Clark•Demography•2000

  • Sex of Previous Children and Intentions for Further Births in the United States, 1965–1976

    Open Access•Douglas M Sloane, Che-Fu Lee•Demography•1983

  • Does Age Matter? Judicial Decision Making in Age Discrimination Cases

    Open Access•Kenneth L Manning, Bruce A Carroll et al.•Social Science Quarterly•2004

  • Becoming Justice Blackmun

    Robert W Van Sickel•American Journal of Legal History•2007

  • Childhood Socialization and Political Attitudes

    Andrew Healy, N Malhotra•The Journal of Politics•2013

  • Partisanship, Voting, and the Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene

    Christopher T Dawes, J H Fowler•The Journal of Politics•2009

  • Racial Diversity and Judicial Influence on Appellate Courts

    Open Access•Jonathan P Kastellec•American Journal of Political…•2013

  • Untangling the Causal Effects of Sex on Judging

    Open Access•Christina L Boyd, Lee Epstein et al.•American Journal of Political…•2010

  • Blacks on the Bench

    Open Access•Nancy Scherer•Political Science Quarterly•2004

  • An Original Look at Originalism

    Open Access•Robert M Howard, Jeffrey A Segal•Law & Society Review•2002

  • The Stopping and Spacing of Childbirths and Their Birth-History Predictors

    Kazuo Yamaguchi, Linda R Ferguson•American Sociological Review•1995

  • Emerging Parental Gender Indifference? Sex Composition of Children and the Third Birth

    Michael S Pollard, Philip Morgan et al.•American Sociological Review•2002

  • Feminist Attitudes and Support for Gender Equality

    Catherine Bolzendahl, C I Bolzendahl et al.•Social Forces•2004

  • Does the Sex of Your Children Matter? Support for Feminism among Women and Men in the United States and Canada

    Rebecca L Warner•Journal of Marriage and the Family•1991

  • Family Status and Criticism of Gender Inequality at Home and at Work

    Emily W Kane, Laura Sanchez•Social Forces•1994

  • Child Rearing as a Mechanism for Social Change

    Open Access•Rebecca L Warner, Brent S Steel•Gender & Society•1999

  • Sons, Daughters, and Family Processes

    Sara Raley, Suzanne Bianchi et al.•Annual Review of Sociology•2006

  • Size of Family and Preference for Children of Each Sex

    Deborah S Freedman, Deborah Freedman et al.•American Journal of Sociology•1960

Unique citing works83
Citations per year7,55
Citation span2015 - 2026 (12)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 83

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae