Major findings and paths for research

In this concluding note, the editors of this special issue first produce a synthesis of the findings of the empirical cases. Regarding delegation problems in the participatory devices under scrutiny, the conclusions are contrasting, and the outcome depends very much on the institutional design of each procedure, and on the kind of skills that are necessary to participate. Regarding the quality of deliberations, moderately positive conclusions are reached as a rule. With respect to the efficiency of these mechanisms, the results are much more limited: their decisional impact is weak, with the exception of the most elitist mechanisms, and the procedures under scrutiny did not seem to have any lasting integrative or ‘educative’ effects on the participants. Also, the situation with respect to transparency is problematic: there is no link between the degree of formalisation and influence on decisions, and most mechanisms are weakly publicised. In the end, the editors underline shifts in legitimacy principles induced by these procedures and sketch some paths for future research that should include a survey of the interplay between these procedures, the representative framework at large and other kinds of shifts in policy making

Ambiguity · Citizen journalism · Delegation · Economics · Epistemology · Law and economics · Legitimacy · Political science · Positive economics · Public relations · Quality (philosophy · Scrutiny · Sketch · Sociology · Transparency (behavior · Computer Science · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Law · Political Influence and Corporate Strategies · Social Media and Politics

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• Participation et pouvoirs

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• How participation has become a hegemonic discursive resource

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• Tra partecipazione e privatizzazione

  Dario Colombo, Enrico Gargiulo•SOCIOLOGIA E RICERCA SOCIALE•2014

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• Strengthen governability rather than deepen democracy

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• Débat public et production des politiques publiques au Burkina Faso. La Politique nationale de sécurisation foncière

  Philippe Lavigne Delville, Daniel Thiéba•Participations•2015

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• Participatory innovations and maxi‐publics

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• Democracy Transformed?

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• The Principles of Representative Government

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• Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices

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• Le système politique suisse

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• Deliberation and Constitution Making

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• Gestion de proximité et démocratie participative

  Loïc Blondiaux•Gestion de proximité et…•2005

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• Inclusion and Democracy

  Open Access•Bill Jordan•Authoritarianism and How to…•2020

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• Democracy and Difference

  Walter C Parker, Walter Parker•Theory & Research in Social…•1997

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• The Nerves of Government

  H M McLuhan, Karl W Deutsch•University of Toronto Law Journal•1965

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• Evaluation in France, a Component of Territorial Public Action

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• Against Deliberation

  Open Access•Lynn M Sanders•Political Theory•1997

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• Legitimacy Problems in Deliberative Democracy

  Open Access•John Parkinson•Political Studies•2003

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• Emergent Public Spheres

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• Associations and Democracy

  Archon Fung•Annual Review of Sociology•2003

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