Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

The Domestic and Foreign Policy Beliefs of American Leaders

Bibliographic Data

ID6284893
AuthorsOle R Holsti (Duke University), James N Rosenau (University of Southern California)
Year1988
Volume32
Issue2
Pages248-294
Publication date1988-06-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Conflict Resolution (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-0027 • E-ISSN: 1552-8766
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/0022002788032002002
OpenAlexW2026733651
LanguageEN
Citations received53
References cited23

The relationship between our leaders' beliefs about domestic and foreign policy issues has generated a lively controversy. Much of the existing literature indicates that there is a very limited correlation between them. This article is based on data derived from a 1984 survey in which 2,515 American leaders filled out and returned a lengthy mail questionnaire. Respondents are classified according to their positions on both foreign policy scales (hard liners, internationalists, isolationists, accommodationists) and domestic policy scales (economic liberals, social liberals, economic conservatives, social conservatives). The data reveal a strong and consistent relationship between domestic and foreign policy beliefs. Analyses of the leaders' background attributes indicate that ideology, party, and occupation are strongly correlated with both sets of beliefs, whereas education, age, military service, travel experience, and gender are weakly related to beliefs. The conclusion raises some questions about the implications of the findings

Foreign policy · Ideology · Military service · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Social policy · Sociology · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · International Relations and Foreign Policy · Law · Psychology · Social Psychology

  • Domestic Costs, the U.S. Public, and the Isolationist Calculus

    Miroslav Nincic•International Studies Quarterly•1997

  • Trust in International Cooperation

    Open Access•Brian C Rathbun•Trust in International Cooperation•2011

  • Reasoning of State

    Open Access•Brian C Rathbun•Reasoning of State•2019

  • Strategic Censorship? Public Opinion, Authoritarian Politics, and the International Trade Regime

    Open Access•Seowoo Chung•International Studies Quarterly•2026

  • The United States and Russia in the New World Order

    Open Access•David Bogumil, David Daniel Bogumil•Social Behavior and Personality…•2002

  • The View from (T)Here

    Open Access•Kerry F Crawford, David Andersen-Rodgers et al.•Journal of Global Security Studies•2024

  • Pork, risk, or reaction? The determinants of US counterterrorist funding

    Kyle Kattelman•Critical Studies on Terrorism•2021

  • Wedges and Widgets

    Open Access•Brian C Rathbun, Brian Rathbun•Foreign Policy Analysis•2014

  • Steeped in International Affairs

    Open Access•Brian C Rathbun•Foreign Policy Analysis•2012

  • The Foreign Policy Attitudes of Indian Elites

    Šumit Ganguly, Timothy Hellwig et al.•Foreign Policy Analysis•2016

  • Aiding Strangers

    A Burcu Bayram•Foreign Policy Analysis•2016

  • What Do Think Tanks Think? Proximity to Power and Foreign Policy Preferences

    Open Access•Richard Hanania, Max Abrahms•Foreign Policy Analysis•2022

  • Do International Institutions Matter

    Open Access•D Mitchell, David E Mitchell•International Studies Review•2003

  • The End of the Cold War, Attitude Change, and the Politics of Defense Spending

    Open Access•Bruce Russett, Thomas Hartley et al.•PS Political Science & Politics•1994

  • Individual-level Predictors of Leader and Public Support for the Use of Force

    Gregory G Holyk•International Journal of Public…•2011

  • When is international trade a security threat

    Open Access•RyuGyung Park, Brandon J Kinne•Conflict Management and Peace…•2026

  • The convergence of American elites’ domestic beliefs with their foreign policy beliefs

    Shoon Murray, Shoon Kathleen Murray et al.•International Interactions•1999

  • El Peso De Las Imágenes Waltzianas en La Relación De Argentina Con El Sistema Financiero Internacional

    Open Access•Nicolás Creus•Análisis Político•2015

  • Public Opinion and the Future of U.S.-Panama Relations

    Open Access•Orlando J Pérez•Journal of Interamerican Studies…•1999

  • Leading the Charge

    Open Access•Sean Aday•Journal of Communication•2010

  • A Sensible Public

    Open Access•Miroslav Nincic•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1992

  • U.S. Public Views of International Involvement from 1964 to 1993

    Open Access•Virginia A Chanley, Virginia Chanley•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1999

  • Do People Need Foreign Enemies

    Open Access•Shoon Murray, Shoon Kathleen Murray et al.•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1999

  • Foreign Policy Gaps between Citizens and Leaders

    Benjamin I Page, Jason Barabas•International Studies Quarterly•2000

  • The Role of "Enemy Images" and Ideology of Elite Belief Systems

    Shoon Murray, Shoon Kathleen Murray et al.•International Studies Quarterly•1999

  • Public Opinion and Foreign Policy

    Ole R Holsti•International Studies Quarterly•1992

  • Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies

    Open Access•Thomas Risse, Thomas Risse-Kappen•World Politics•1991

  • Democratic Reputations in Crises and War

    Jonathan Renshon, Keren Yarhi-Milo et al.•The Journal of Politics•2023

  • The Structure of Foreign Policy Attitudes among American Leaders

    Ole R Holsti, James N Rosenau•The Journal of Politics•1990

  • Timeless Principles or Today's Fashion? Testing the Stability of the Linkage between Ideology and Foreign Policy in the Senate

    Patrick Cronin, Patrick M Cronin et al.•The Journal of Politics•1999

  • Historical Analogies in the Congressional Foreign Policy Process

    Andrew J Taylor, John T Rourke•The Journal of Politics•1995

  • Markets, Democracy and Russian Foreign Policy

    William Zimmerman•Post-Soviet Affairs•1994

  • Together or Not? Dynamics of Public Attitudes on UN and Nato

    Open Access•Osman Sabri Kiratli•Political Studies•2022

  • Extending the Three‐ and Four‐Headed Eagles

    Open Access•Jerel A Rosati, Jerel Rosati et al.•Political Psychology•1997

  • Thawing Rivalries and Fading Friendships

    Open Access•Rod Albuyeh, Mark Paradis•Political Psychology•2018

  • Gender equality in politics at home and promotion of gender equality in politics abroad

    Open Access•Mi Yung Yoon, Chungshik Moon•International Political Science…•2019

  • Liberals, Populists, Libertarians, and Conservatives

    Open Access•Ole R Holsti, James N Rosenau•International Political Science…•1996

  • Research Note

    Open Access•Shoon Murray•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1992

  • Hierarchy and Community at Home and Abroad

    Open Access•Brian C Rathbun•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2007

  • Faces of Internationalism in a Transitional Environment

    Open Access•Eugene R Wittkopf•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1994

  • Are Liberal Governments More Cooperative? Voting Trends at the UN in Five Anglophone Democracies

    Open Access•Richard Hanania•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2019

  • The alleged consensus

    Open Access•Francesco Olmastroni•Italian Political Science…•2017

  • Politics and Paradigm Preferences

    Open Access•Brian C Rathbun, Brian Rathbun•International Studies Quarterly•2012

  • Foreign Policy Beliefs in Contemporary Britain

    Open Access•Jason Reifler, Thomas J Scotto et al.•International Studies Quarterly•2011

  • Taking Foreign Policy Personally

    Brian C Rathbun, Joshua D Kertzer et al.•International Studies Quarterly•2016

  • Due Deference

    Open Access•A Burcu Bayram•International Organization•2017

  • Economic Interests and Public Support for American Global Activism

    Benjamin O Fordham•International Organization•2008

  • The Price of Peace

    Open Access•Joshua D Kertzer, Brian C Rathbun et al.•International Organization•2020

  • The structure of foreign policy attitudes in transatlantic perspective

    Open Access•Timothy B Gravelle, Jason Reifler et al.•European Journal of Political…•2017

  • How Do Observers Assess Resolve

    Open Access•Joshua D Kertzer, Jonathan Renshon et al.•British Journal of Political…•2021

  • What drives modern Diogenes? Individual values and cosmopolitan allegiance

    Open Access•A Burcu Bayram•European Journal of International…•2015

  • Gendered Conflict

    Open Access•Mary Caprioli•Journal of Peace Research•2000

  • Fear of the 'Alien Other

    Open Access•W Lawrence Neuman•Sociological Inquiry•2001

  • Ideology and discontent

    David Ernest Apter•Ideology and discontent•1967

  • Handbook of Social Psychology

    Daniel Todd Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey et al.•Handbook of Social Psychology•2012

  • The American people and foreign policy

    Gabriel A Almond•The American people and foreign…•1977

  • American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1994

    Chicago Council on Foreign Relations•ICPSR Data Holdings•1996

  • The Changing American Voter

    Norman H Nie, Sidney Verba et al.•Changing American Voter•1979

  • The New Internationalisms

    Michael Mandelbaum, William Schneider•International Security•1978

  • Eagle Entangled

    Open Access•Rodney W Jones•Political Science Quarterly•1980

  • The Partisan Gap

    Charles H Percy•Foreign Policy•1981

  • American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy 1987

    Peter Grose, John E Rielly•Foreign Affairs•1987

  • Handbook of social psychology

    Susan T Fiske, Daniel Todd Gilbert et al.•Handbook of social psychology•2010

  • Mass Belief Systems Revisited

    Norman H Nie, Kristi Andersen•The Journal of Politics•1974

  • Consensus and Conflict Among American Leaders

    Allen H Barton•Public Opinion Quarterly•1974

  • The Structure of Beliefs Among Leaders and the Public

    Norman R Luttbeg•Public Opinion Quarterly•1968

  • Liberalism-Conservatism Revisited

    Alfred O Hero, Jr Alfred O Hero•Public Opinion Quarterly•1969

  • Public Attitudes toward Key Foreign Policy Events

    Open Access•Ronald H Hinckley•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1988

  • American Public Attitudes toward Foreign Policy

    Michael A Maggiotto, Eugene R Wittkopf•International Studies Quarterly•1981

  • Elites and Masses

    Eugene R Wittkopf•International Studies Quarterly•1987

  • On the Foreign Policy Beliefs of the American People

    Eugene R Wittkopf•International Studies Quarterly•1986

  • Residues of a Movement

    Open Access•M Kent Jenning, M Kent Jennings•American Political Science Review•1987

  • American Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam

    Open Access•William L Lunch, Peter W Sperlich•The Western Political Quarterly•1979

Unique citing works53
Citations per year1,47
Citation span1990 - 2026 (37)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 52

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae