Implementation of the Federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977

Policy is attracting the interest and attention of a growing number of scholars and analysts (Berman, 1978; Elmore, 1979; Ingram and Mann, 1980; Montjoy and O'Toole, 1979; Nakamura and Smallwood, 1980; Sabatier and Mazmanian, 1979). The normative concern underlying much of this interest is the belief that policy failure is often a function of failure, i.e., the inability or unwillingness of policy implementors to take appropriate action toward realizing prescribed policy goals. Evidence supporting this belief has accumulated steadily since the early 1970s when landmark studies of federal program failure were published by Pressman and Wildavsky (1973) and Derthick (1972). Recent studies have made it increasingly clear that policies are not self-executing and, in general, have described policy as a complex and often disjointed process (Hargrove, 1975; Jones, 1975; Lieber, 1974; McDonnel, 1979; Van Horn, 1978). Implementation analysts correctly plead for more research on all facets of policy Ingram (1977, p. 499), for example, notes that no one has come forward with a realistic appraisal of the role of the states in implementation, and the conditions under which they may promote or thwart the achievement of federal objectives. Berman (1980, p. 205) urges analysts to go beyond cataloging the seemingly inexhaustible ways for programs to fail and shift their attention to designing strategies to improve implementation. Elmore (1979, p. 1) contends that implementation research is long on description and short on prescription ... [that] when we look to the most influential studies for guidance about how to anticipate problems, we find advice that is desultory and strategically vague. Other investigators contend that more

Archaeology · Business · Coal mining · Control (management · Economics · Geography · Land reclamation · Management · Surface mining · Evaluation and Performance Assessment · Policy Transfer and Learning · Public Policy and Administration Research

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