Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Social desirability bias in voter turnout reports

Tests using the item count technique

Bibliographic Data

ID6372829
AuthorsAllyson L Holbrook, Jon A Krosnick (0000-0003-0336-1613)
Year2010
Volume74
Issue1
Pages37-67
Publication date2010-03-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenuePublic Opinion Quarterly (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0033-362X • E-ISSN: 1537-5331
PublisherOxford University Press (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1093/poq/nfp065
OpenAlexW2041223402
LanguageEN
Citations received258
References cited43

Surveys usually yield rates of voting in elections that are higher than official turnout figures, a phenomenon often attributed to intentional misrepresentation by respondents who did not vote and would be embarrassed to admit that. The experiments reported here tested the social desirability response bias hypothesis directly by implementing a technique that allowed respondents to report secretly whether they voted: the “item count technique.” The item count technique significantly reduced turnout reports in a national telephone survey relative to direct self-reports, suggesting that social desirability response bias influenced direct self-reports in that survey. But in eight national surveys of American adults conducted via the Internet, the item count technique did not significantly reduce turnout reports. This mode difference is consistent with other evidence that the Internet survey mode may be less susceptible to social desirability response bias because of self-administration

Econometrics · Economics · General Social Survey · Misrepresentation · National election · Non-response bias · Political science · Response bias · Social desirability · Social desirability bias · Turnout · Voting · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Law · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology · Survey Methodology and Nonresponse

  • Migration and electoral integrity

    Open Access•Stefano Camatarri, Ahmed Kadiri et al.•Comparative Migration Studies•2026

  • The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism

    T Skocpol, Vanessa Williamson•The Tea Party and the remaking of…•2012

  • Making Young Voters

    Open Access•John B Holbein, D Sunshine Hillygus•Making Young Voters•2020

  • Multivariate Regression Analysis for the Item Count Technique

    Katsushi Imai, Kosuke Imai•Journal of the American…•2011

  • Combining List Experiment and Direct Question Estimates of Sensitive Behavior Prevalence

    Peter M Aronow, Alexander Coppock et al.•Journal of Survey Statistics and…•2015

  • How to ask sensitive questions in conservation

    Open Access•Ana Nuno, Freya A V St John•Biological Conservation•2015

  • A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Service-Learning on Students

    Open Access•Christine I Celio, Joseph Durlak et al.•Journal of Experiential Education•2011

  • Gender differences in Covid-19 attitudes and behavior

    Open Access•Vincenzo Galasso, Vincent Pons et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2020

  • Controlling social desirability bias

    Open Access•Ronald B Larson•Market Research Society Journal•2019

  • Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys

    Open Access•Ivar Krumpal•Quality & Quantity•2013

  • Hidden or declared? Evidence from a list experiment on homophobic motives in electoral behavior

    Open Access•Jaakko Hillo, Isak Vento et al.•Electoral Studies•2026

  • Bibliometric Analysis of Social Desirability

    Open Access•Meltem Yurtçu, Erol Koçoğlu•Journal of History Culture and…•2020

  • Have Teachers’ Perceptions of Parental Engagement Changed Following Covid-19? Evidence from a Mixed-Methods Longitudinal Case Study

    Open Access•Cat Jones, Olympia Palikara•Education Sciences•2023

  • Survey Mode Effects in a Developing Country

    Open Access•Noam Lupu, Adam Wolsky•Revista Latinoamericana de…•2023

  • Perceptions of leadership effectiveness in global virtual teams

    Open Access•Wendy Farrell, Malika Richards et al.•The Leadership Quarterly•2025

  • Does criminalizing the purchase of sex reduce sex-buying? Evidence from a European survey on prostitution

    Open Access•Sofia Jonsson•European Journal of Law and…•2023

  • Examining teachers’ attitudes towards parental engagement

    Open Access•Cat Jones, Olympia Palikara•Journal of Education for Teaching…•2026

  • Mitigating social desirability bias in Likert-scale surveys

    Quoc Tran-Nam, Quan Vu Le•International Journal of…•2026

  • Meeting Students Where They Are

    Open Access•Timothy Bynion, Jennifer Nicoll Victor•Social Science Quarterly•2026

  • Turnout Misreporting at the Intersection of Race and Immigration

    Open Access•Stephanie Chan•Social Science Quarterly•2026

  • ICT skills measurement in social surveys

    Open Access•Marta Palczyńska, Maja Rynko•Quality & Quantity•2021

  • No magic bullet

    Open Access•Sebastian Rinken, Sara Pasadas-Del-Amo et al.•Quality & Quantity•2021

  • Who is asking? The effect of survey sponsor misperception on political trust

    Open Access•Mujtaba Isani, Bernd Schlipphak•Quality & Quantity•2023

  • Do teachers have the knowledge and skills to facilitate effective parental engagement? Findings from a national survey in England

    Open Access•Cat Jones, Vassilis Sideropoulos et al.•Educational Review•2026

  • Examining the Role of Online Uncivil Discussion and Ideological Extremity on Illegal Protest

    Open Access•Bingbing Zhang, Isabel Inguanzo et al.•Media and Communication•2022

  • A Comparison of Person-Fit Indices to Detect Social Desirability Bias

    Open Access•Sanaz Nazari, Walter L Leite et al.•Educational and Psychological…•2022

  • The role of secondary school teachers in shaping a political culture of ethnicity and ethnic favouritism

    Open Access•Line Kuppens, Amie Langer et al.•The Journal of Modern African…•2022

  • Challenges in the impact evaluation of behaviour change interventions

    Open Access•Laura Thomas-Walters, Sara Vieira et al.•People and Nature•2020

  • Circles of trust

    Open Access•Luis Herrero-Corona•Revista Latinoamericana de…•2026

  • How Accurate Are Surveyed Preferences for Public Policies? Evidence from a Unique Institutional Setup

    Patricia Funk•The Review of Economics and…•2016

  • Conflicted voter and turnout in Taiwan’s presidential elections

    Open Access•Yen-Pin Su, Tzu-Yao Hsu et al.•Japanese Journal of Political…•2026

  • Populismo y polarización política en la Región Andina. Entre los líderes y la demanda populista

    Open Access•Sebastián Umpierrez De Reguero, Ingrid Ríos-Rivera et al.•Revista Stultifera•2022

  • Rights, Economics, or Family?Frame Resonance, Political Ideology, and the Immigrant Rights Movement

    I Bloemraad, Fabiana Silva et al.•Social Forces•2016

  • Remittances and Vote Buying

    Open Access•Ezequiel González-Ocantos, Chad Kiewiet De Jonge et al.•Latin American Research Review•2022

  • Democracy's Deficit

    Open Access•Marcela García-Castañon, Kiku Huckle et al.•The Journal of Race Ethnicity and…•2019

  • Wanting, and Weighting

    Open Access•Christian Dyogi Phillips, Christian Phillips•The Journal of Race Ethnicity and…•2018

  • “Hidden” racist attitudes against athletes of color in the German population

    Open Access•Michael Mutz, Sebastian Braun et al.•Politics Groups and Identities•2026

  • BMI, Body Perception, and Approach to Eating and Diet in Adolescent Girls

    Open Access•Joanna Sadowska, Izabela Dziaduch et al.•SAGE Open•2020

  • The impact of Covid-19 lockdowns on physical domestic violence

    Open Access•Caitlin Porter, Marta Favara et al.•SSM - Population Health•2021

  • You can be too thin (but not too tall)

    Open Access•Mary A Burke, Katherine G Carman•Economics & Human Biology•2017

  • The questionnaire on factual and political knowledge

    Federica Cagnoli•SOCIOLOGIA E RICERCA SOCIALE•2024

  • Equity at the Ballot Box

    Open Access•Cydney M McGuire, Sarah E Gollust et al.•Frontiers in Political Science•2021

  • Vote Overreporting and a Survey Experiment

    Chung-Li Wu, Xiaochen Su•Issues & Studies•2016

  • The White Working Class and Voter Turnout in U.S. Presidential Elections, 2004 to 2016

    Open Access•Stephen L Morgan, Jiwon Lee•Sociological Science•2017

  • Staying connected with ICT tools

    Open Access•Jing Song, G Lai et al.•The Journal of Chinese Sociology•2018

  • Threat, Mobilization, and Latino Voting in the 2018 Election

    Open Access•Tyler T Reny, Bryan Wilcox-Archuleta et al.•The Forum•2018

  • Social Desirability Bias in the 2016 Presidential Election

    Open Access•Samara Klar, Christel Weber et al.•The Forum•2016

  • Do Americans Really Support Black Athletes Who Kneel During the National Anthem? Estimating the True Prevalence and Strength of Sensitive Racial Attitudes in the Context of Sport

    Open Access•Lisa Mueller•Communication & Sport•2021

  • A fake news inoculation? Fact checkers, partisan identification, and the power of misinformation

    David S Morris, Jonathan S Morris et al.•Politics Groups and Identities•2020

  • Are Indigenous Americans unique in their voting in US national elections

    Robert Herrick, Jim Davis et al.•Politics Groups and Identities•2020

  • Coke, Pepsi or Mecca Cola? Why product characteristics affect the likelihood of collective action problems and boycott success

    Lindsay J Benstead, Megan Reif•Politics Groups and Identities•2015

  • Voting for one’s own

    Elizabeth Goodyear‐grant, Erin Tolley•Politics Groups and Identities•2017

  • New voters, new attitudes

    Jared Mcdonald, Melissa Deckman•Politics Groups and Identities•2021

  • Process, Ideology, and Willingness to Pay for Reducing Childhood Poverty

    Open Access•Semra Özdemir, F Roy Johnson et al.•Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis•2016

  • Is There a Gender Gap in the Sense of Duty to Vote

    Open Access•Carol Galais, André Blais•Societies•2019

  • Dealing with measurement error in list experiments

    Open Access•Mattias Agerberg, Marcus Tannenberg•Research & Politics•2021

  • Do they really care? Social desirability bias in attitudes towards corruption

    Open Access•Sofia Breitenstein, Eva Anduiza et al.•Research & Politics•2022

  • Assessing the Validity of Prevalence Estimates in Double List Experiments

    Open Access•Gustavo Diaz•Journal of Experimental Political…•2023

  • Building Confidence in Elections

    Open Access•Dawn Brancati•Journal of Experimental Political…•2014

  • Response Bias in Survey Measures of Voter Behavior

    Open Access•Claire L Adida, Julie Gottlieb et al.•Journal of Experimental Political…•2019

  • Measuring xenophobia

    María Ángeles Cea D’Ancona, M A C D'Ancona•Migration Studies•2013

  • Voting Advice Applications

    R Michael Alvarez, Inés Levin et al.•Journal of Information Technology…•2013

  • Effect of Test-Taking Venue and Response Format on Political Knowledge Tests

    H C Shulman, Franklin J Boster•Communication Methods and Measures•2014

  • Reproducing Sectarian Oligarchy in Lebanon

    Open Access•Kota Suechika•Ethnopolitics•2025

  • Response Latencies as Evidence of Social Desirability Bias in Voter Turnout Overreports

    Open Access•Ivelisse Cuevas-Molina•American Politics Research•2023

  • Who Thinks It is Easy to Register and Vote

    Open Access•Joseph A Coll•American Politics Research•2025

  • Research Methods in Political Psychology

    Open Access•Cengiz Erisen, Elif Erisen et al.•Turkish Studies•2013

  • Are there differences in responses to social identity questions in face-to-face versus telephone interviews? Results of an experiment on a longitudinal survey

    Open Access•Alita Nandi, Lucinda Platt•International Journal of Social…•2016

  • Mobilizing for what? Polarized citizens and electoral turnout in transitioning Tunisia

    H Ege Ozen, Andrew Bennett et al.•Mediterranean Politics•2022

  • Diverging electoral fortunes in Scotland and Wales

    Open Access•James D Griffith, Richard Wyn Jones et al.•Regional & Federal Studies•2023

  • Understanding ‘Don't know’ answers to survey questions - an International comparative analysis using interview paradata

    Kingsley Purdam, Joseph W Sakshaug et al.•Innovation The European Journal…•2020

  • New Attempts to Reduce Overreporting of Voter Turnout and Their Effects

    Open Access•Eva Zeglovits, Sylvia Kritzinger•International Journal of Public…•2013

  • A Tale of Two Countries

    Open Access•Miguel García-Sánchez, Rosario Queirolo•International Journal of Public…•2020

  • Why Do Respondents Break Off Web Surveys and Does It Matter? Results From Four Follow-up Surveys

    Markus Steinbrecher, Joss Roßmann et al.•International Journal of Public…•2014

  • Measuring Social Desirability Effects on Self-Reported Turnout Using the Item Count Technique

    Mircea Comşa, Cătălin Postelnicu•International Journal of Public…•2012

  • Electoral Consequences of Political Rumors

    B E Weeks, R Kelly Garrett•International Journal of Public…•2014

  • Estimating Sensitive Behavior

    Open Access•Kathrin Thomas, David Johann et al.•International Journal of Public…•2016

  • The Impact of Confidentiality Assurances on Participants’ Responses to Sensitive Questions

    Open Access•Carmen M Leon, Eva Aizpurua et al.•International Journal of Public…•2020

  • Measuring Political Participation—Testing Social Desirability Bias in a Web-Survey Experiment

    Mikael Persson, Maria Solevid•International Journal of Public…•2013

  • The Noise of the Vote Recall Question

    Ruth Dassonneville, Marc Hooghe•International Journal of Public…•2016

  • Estimating the prevalence of child labour in the cocoa industry via indirect elicitation methods

    Open Access•Aurélia Lépine, Ariane Ndiore et al.•Journal of Population Economics•2024

  • Willingness of the Public to Share Geolocation Information in a U.S. Census Bureau Survey

    Open Access•Erica Olmsted‐Hawala, Erica Olmsted-Hawala et al.•Social Science Computer Review•2018

  • The Willingness to State an Opinion

    Open Access•D Laurison•Sociological Forum•2015

  • Eye-tracking Social Desirability Bias

    Open Access•Olena Kaminska, Tom Foulsham•Bulletin of Sociological…•2016

  • Social Desirability and Undesirability Effects on Survey Response latencies

    Open Access•Henrik Andersen, Henrik Kenneth Andersen et al.•Bulletin of Sociological…•2017

  • Ce qu’Alis nous dit de ses amis. L’effet de désirabilité sociale et sa variabilité au prisme de questions portant sur une prestation sociale fictive

    Open Access•Adrien Papuchon•Bulletin of Sociological…•2018

  • Social isolation by design

    Open Access•Minheng Chen, Y C Fu et al.•Social Networks•2025

  • Online news diffusion dynamics and public opinion formation

    Open Access•Kyung Mo Kim, Kyungmo Kim et al.•The Social Science Journal•2015

  • Polls and Elections

    Open Access•Martin P Wattenberg, Martin Wattenberg•Presidential Studies Quarterly•2018

  • Messung und Erklärung von Schwarzarbeit in Deutschland – Eine empirische Befragungsstudie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Problems der sozialen Erwünschtheit / Measuring and Explaining Undeclared Work in Germany – An Empirical Survey with a Special Focus on Social Desirability Bias

    Antje Kirchner, Ivar Krumpal et al.•Zeitschrift für Soziologie•2013

  • Behind the veil

    Open Access•Yufeng Lai, Albert Boaitey et al.•Food Policy•2021

  • Biases in self-reported food insecurity measurement

    Open Access•Getaw Tadesse, Gashaw Tadesse Abate et al.•Food Policy•2020

  • Labor Exclusion and the Erosion of Citizenship Responsibilities

    Open Access•Lucas Ronconi, Rodrigo Zarazaga S J•World Development•2015

  • Studying honest answers to sensitive issues in politics New evidence on lobbying influence

    Open Access•Werner Pitsch, Georg Wenzelburger•European Journal of Political…•2025

  • What one thinks, what one says and what one does

    Open Access•Olivia Bertelli, Thomas Calvo et al.•Journal of Development Economics•2025

  • List randomization for sensitive behavior

    Open Access•Dean S Karlan, Dean Karlan et al.•Journal of Development Economics•2011

  • Temptation in vote-selling

    Open Access•Allen Hicken, Stephen Leider et al.•Journal of Development Economics•2017

  • Identity and Vote Overreporting by Bureaucrats

    Open Access•Michael Bednarczuk•The American Review of Public…•2016

  • HIV infection risk and condom use among sex workers in Senegal

    Open Access•Aurélia Lépine, Carole Treibich et al.•Health Policy and Planning•2020

  • The language of access

    Kyle Estes•Central Asian Survey•2025

  • Increasing voting behavior by asking people if they expect to vote.

    Anthony G Greenwald, Catherine G Carnot et al.•Journal of Applied Psychology•1987

  • Comment on “Voter Turnout and the National Election Studies”

    Open Access•Michael D Martinez•Political Analysis•2003

  • The Psychology of Survey Response

    Open Access•Roger Tourangeau, Lance J Rips et al.•Psychology of Survey Response•2000

  • Trends in Non-Response Rates

    Tom W Smith, Tom Smith•International Journal of Public…•1995

  • Sexual risk behaviors and alcohol

    Joseph W LaBrie, M Earleywine•The Journal of Sex Research•2000

  • Current stereotypes

    Harold Sigall, Richard A Page et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1971

  • Unintentional Voter Mobilization

    Open Access•Christopher B Mann•The Annals of the American…•2005

  • Social desirability and the randomized response technique

    Samuel Himmelfarb, Carl Lickteig et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1982

  • Response Validity in Surveys of Voting Behavior

    Michael W Traugott, John P Katosh•Public Opinion Quarterly•1979

  • Response Validity

    Aage R Clausen•Public Opinion Quarterly•1968

  • National Surveys Via Rdd Telephone Interviewing Versus the Internet

    Linchiat Chang, Jon A Krosnick•Public Opinion Quarterly•2009

  • "Racial Attitudes and the "New South

    James H Kuklinski, Michael D Cobb et al.•The Journal of Politics•1997

  • Telephone versus Face-to-Face Interviewing of National Probability Samples with Long Questionnaires

    Allyson L Holbrook, Melanie C Green et al.•Public Opinion Quarterly•2003

  • Asking Sensitive Questions

    Roger Tourangeau, Tom W Smith et al.•Public Opinion Quarterly•1996

  • Pre-Election Interview Effects on Voter Turnout

    Richard F Yalch•Public Opinion Quarterly•1976

  • Can Changes in Context Reduce Vote Overreporting in Surveys

    Stanley Presser•Public Opinion Quarterly•1990

  • How Being Interviewed Affects Voting

    Robert E Kraut, John B Mcconahay•Public Opinion Quarterly•1973

  • Overreporting Voting

    Robert A Bernstein, Robert Bernstein et al.•Public Opinion Quarterly•2001

  • Reducing Vote Overreporting in Surveys

    Robert F Belli, Michael W Traugott et al.•Public Opinion Quarterly•1999

  • A Study of the Properties of the Item Count Technique

    Takahiro Tsuchiya, Yuichiro Hirai et al.•Public Opinion Quarterly•2007

  • Self‐Prophecy Effects and Voter Turnout

    Open Access•Jennifer K Smith, Alan S Gerber et al.•Political Psychology•2003

  • On the Overreport Bias of the National Election Study Turnout Rate

    Open Access•Michael P Mcdonald•Political Analysis•2003

  • Sensitive Questions, Truthful Answers? Modeling the List Experiment with Listit

    Open Access•Daniel Corstange•Political Analysis•2009

  • Voter Turnout and the National Election Studies

    Open Access•Barry C Burden, Barry Burden•Political Analysis•2000

  • Where does turnout decline come from

    Open Access•André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil et al.•European Journal of Political…•2004

  • Attitudes toward Presidential Candidates and Political Parties

    Allyson L Holbrook, Jon A Krosnick et al.•American Journal of Political…•2001

  • Racial Prejudice and Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action

    James H Kuklinski, Paul M Sniderman et al.•American Journal of Political…•1997

  • Two-component models of socially desirable responding

    Delroy L Paulhus•Journal of Personality and Social…•1984

  • What is the relation between cultural orientation and socially desirable responding

    Ashok K Lalwani, Sharon Shavitt et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2006

  • An experimental comparison of question forms used to reduce vote overreporting

    Open Access•Robert F Belli, Sean E Moore et al.•Electoral Studies•2006

  • Sensitive questions in surveys

    Roger Tourangeau, Ting Yan•Psychological Bulletin•2007

  • Who Overreports Voting

    Open Access•Brian D Silver, Barbara A Anderson et al.•American Political Science Review•1986

  • The Myth of the Vanishing Voter

    Open Access•Michael P Mcdonald, Samuel L Popkin•American Political Science Review•2001

  • Innovations in Experimental Design in Attitude Surveys

    Paul M Sniderman, Douglas B Grob•Annual Review of Sociology•1996

Unique citing works258
Citations per year15,18
Citation span2009 - 2026 (18)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 257

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae