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Evaluating Free Legal Translation Tools between Arabic and English

A Comparative Study of Google Translate, ChatGPT, and Gemini

Bibliographic Data

ID6428988
AuthorsTariq Mohammed Farghal (0000-0002-2891-6892), Tariq Farghal, Khetam Shraideh (0000-0001-9087-5895), Ahmad Al-Omari (0000-0003-3927-225X), Ahmad M Al-Omari (0009-0006-8086-2955)
Year2025
Volume38
Issue6
Pages2083-2110
Publication date2025-05-03
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueInternational Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0952-8059 • E-ISSN: 1572-8722
PublisherSpringer Science+Business Media (PUBLISHER • DE)
DOI10.1007/s11196-025-10282-z
OpenAlexW4410056673
LanguageEN
Citations received4
References cited28

Arabic · Linguistics · Natural language processing · Translation (biology · Artificial Intelligence in Law · Chemistry · Computer Science · Legal Language and Interpretation · Philosophy · Artificial Intelligence · Biochemistry

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    Open Access•Muneir Gwasmeh, Doaa K Riziq et al.•Frontiers in Education•2026

  • Evaluating the translation of deontic and epistemic modal expressions in legal texts

    Open Access•Yanfang Su, Ho Ling Kwok et al.•Perspectives•2026

  • A Corpus-Based Analysis of ChatGPT English Translation of Terms in the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China (Contract) from the Perspective of Functional Theories of Translation

    Open Access•Yeqing Xu•International Journal for the…•2025

  • Uhud, Kairouan and the battle of Ben Gardane

    Open Access•Christopher Ruddy, Shannon Brincat•Critical Studies on Terrorism•2026

  • Arabic Profession-Denoting Nouns and Gender

    Open Access•Mamdouh A Alenazy, Yazan Shaker Almahameed et al.•Theory and Practice in Language…•2024

  • Problems of Machine Translation Systems in Arabic

    Open Access•May Al Shaikhli•Journal of Language Teaching and…•2022

  • To Hedge or Not to Hedge

    Open Access•Yazan Shaker Almahameed, Tariq Mohammed Farghal•International Journal of…•2025

  • Understanding the societal impacts of machine translation

    Open Access•Lucas Nunes Vieira, Minako O’Hagan et al.•Information Communication & Society•2021

Unique citing works4
Citations per year4
Citation span2025 - 2026 (2)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 4

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Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae