Syntactic Complexity Phenomena Are Better Explained Without Empty Elements Mediating Long‐Distance Dependencies

Bibliographic Data

ID7150374
AuthorsYanis da Cunha (0009-0003-3536-3549, Department of Romance Studies University of Graz, corresponding author), Edward Gibson (0000-0002-5912-883X, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology), E Leigh Gibson (0000-0002-9789-7429, Institute of Cognitive and Brain Sciences)
Year2025
Volume49
Issue8
Pagese70088-e70088
Publication date2025-08-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueCognitive Science (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0364-0213 • E-ISSN: 1551-6709
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/cogs.70088
PMID40819385
OpenAlexW4413309462
LanguageEN
References cited64

We report the results of two acceptability judgment experiments on English materials, which were designed in order to help disentangle predictions of syntactic theories with transformations from nontransformational theories. The materials in these experiments were motivated from examples from Pickering & Barry (1991), who provided intuitive evidence that there is little processing cost for connecting a fronted prepositional phrase to its verb, even if it is the second postverbal argument of a verb in the declarative form. For example, the PP on which connects to the verb put in the sentence This is the saucer on which Mary put the cup into which she poured the milk . If there is a transformation of phrases from declarative structures to interrogative structures (as proposed in Chomsky (1957) and all versions of related theories since), then there is a long‐distance connection between the fronted PP and its base position following the NP object, for example, the cup into which she poured the milk , which is not complete until the end of the sentence. In contrast, in a theory without transformations, the PP can be directly associated with its role‐assigning verb put when this verb is encountered. If there is cost for processing making dependency connections that is proportional to their distances, then transformational theories predict a large processing cost for this kind of structure, relative to controls. In contrast, nontransformational theories predict no large cost. The results of the two rating experiments consistently supported the predictions of the non‐transformational theories relative to those of the transformational theories. We argue that, in line with other current evidence, the nontransformational theories appear to better support the available empirical data

Natural language processing · Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms · Computer Science · Fractal and DNA sequence analysis · Mathematics · Artificial Intelligence

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