German trade policy in Eastern Europe, 1890–1990
Preconditions for Applying International Trade Leverage
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 7821241 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Robert Mark Spaulding |
| Year | 1991 |
| Volume | 45 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 343-368 |
| Publication date | 1991-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | International Organization (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0020-8183 • E-ISSN: 1531-5088 |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1017/s0020818300033130 |
| OpenAlex | W2056456141 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 7 |
| References cited | 31 |
Over the past century, Germany has repeatedly attempted to use trade as a tool of foreign policy vis-à-vis Imperial Russia, the Soviet Union, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. Against the background of continual German economic superiority, this article analyzes Germany's ability to apply trade leverage in terms of four other factors: the nature of the prevailing international trade regime, government views of trade leverage as a tool of statecraft, the degree of German state autonomy in setting trade policies, and the availability of an effective bureaucratic mechanism for controlling German imports and exports. The historical record demonstrates that beyond economic superiority, the application of trade leverage requires a permissive international trade regime, state acceptance of trade-based economic statecraft, an autonomous domestic regime, and a rigorous trade control bureaucracy. Surprisingly, this conjunction of factors, as they applied to Eastern Europe, occurred during both the Nazi period and the early years of the Federal Republic. The article closes by pointing out how two important factors—the politicized nature of the East-West trade regime and the Federal Republic's high degree of state autonomy in setting Eastern trade policy–are being eroded by political and economic change in Eastern Europe
Bureaucracy · Commercial policy · Economic integration · Economics · Geography · German · International economics · International trade · Leverage (statistics · Political science · Politics · Trade barrier · European history and politics · European Union Policy and Governance · Historical Geopolitical and Social Dynamics
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The end of liberalism
States in history
U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation
European Historical Statistics 1750–1970
Defending the National Interest
After Hegemony
The New Order and the French Economy
The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany
Recasting Bourgeois Europe
The New Order and the French Economy, by Alan S. Milward
Marxism and Politics
Politics in hard times
Strategic Dimensions of Economic Behavior
International Security Studies
Present at the Creation
International regimes
Wirtschaft und Staat. Die Entwicklung der staatlichen Wirtschaftsverwaltung in Deutschland vom 17. Jahrhundert bis 1945
Political power and social classes
State Power and the Structure of International Trade
Still the Century of Corporatism
Diplomacy and domestic politics
International economics and international politics
The limits of hegemonic stability theory
The political economy of international trade
The Internationalization of History
Theories of international regimes
| Unique citing works | 7 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 0,21 |
| Citation span | 1992 - 2022 (31) |
| Citation velocity | historical |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 7 |