Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Religious Fundamentalism and Hostility against Out-groups

A Comparison of Muslims and Christians in Western Europe

Bibliographic Data

ID7843640
AuthorsRuud Koopmans (North-West State Technical University, corresponding author)
Year2015
Volume41
Issue1
Pages33-57
Publication date2015-01-02
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueNew Community (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0047-9586 • E-ISSN: 1469-9451
PublisherInforma UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1080/1369183x.2014.935307
OpenAlexW2034447013
LanguageEN
Citations received144
References cited36

On the basis of an original survey among native Christians and Muslims of Turkish and Moroccan origin in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria and Sweden, this paper investigates four research questions comparing native Christians to Muslim immigrants: (1) the extent of religious fundamentalism; (2) its socio-economic determinants; (3) whether it can be distinguished from other indicators of religiosity; and (4) its relationship to hostility towards out-groups (homosexuals, Jews, the West, and Muslims). The results indicate that religious fundamentalist attitudes are much more widespread among Sunnite Muslims than among native Christians, even after controlling for the different demographic and socio-economic compositions of these groups. Alevite Muslims from Turkey, by contrast, show low levels of fundamentalism, comparable to Christians. Among both Christians and Muslims, strong religiosity as such is not (among Christians) or only mildly (among Muslims) related to hostility towards out-groups. Fundamentalist believers, however, show very high levels of out-group hostility, especially among Muslims

Fundamentalism · Hostility · Immigration · Islam · Political science · Politics · Religiosity · Sociology · Theology · Turkish · Law · Migration, Refugees, and Integration · Philosophy · Populism, Right-Wing Movements · Psychology · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research · Religious studies · Social Psychology

  • Islamophobia and Its Triggers

    Open Access•Angeles Cea De Ancona•Journal of Ethnic and Cultural…•2026

  • Fuzzy Hybrid Approach to Shatter Religious Tolerance and Fundamentalism Stereotypes across Diverse Nations

    Open Access•A Indelicato, Jean-Claude Martins•Interdisciplinary Journal for…•2024

  • A Sociological Analysis of the Understanding, Application, and Importance of Shari’a in Everyday Living of Young Muslims in Sydney

    Jan A Ali•Sociology of Islam•2019

  • Muslims and the Religious Other

    Open Access•Jennifer Kolb•Journal of Muslims in Europe•2022

  • Participation and Sharing, or Peaceful Co-Existence? Visions of Integration among Muslims in Switzerland

    Open Access•Michael Nollert, Amir Sheikhzadegan•Social Inclusion•2016

  • Religiosity, religious fundamentalism, and perceived threat as predictors of Muslim support for extremist violence

    Johannes Beller, Christoph Kröger•Psychology of Religion and…•2018

  • Attitudes toward Abortion for Medical and Non-medical Reasons among the Turkish Second Generation in Europe – The Role of the Family and Societal Contexts

    Open Access•N Milewski, Carol et al.•Comparative Population Studies•2019

  • Freedom of Religious Belief and the Practice of Religious Rites According to the Jordanian Legislation

    Open Access•Tareq Al-Billeh•Balkan Social Science Review•2022

  • Chabad on Ice

    Open Access•Mercédesz Czimbalmos, Riikka Tuori•Approaching Religion•2022

  • Religiosity and perceived religious discrimination as predictors of support for suicide attacks among Muslim Americans

    Johannes Beller, Christoph Kröger•Peace and Conflict Journal of…•2020

  • Religion and militarism

    Johannes Beller•Peace and Conflict Journal of…•2017

  • Muslims by Ascription

    Open Access•David Thurfjell, Erika Willander•Numen•2021

  • Muslims, Socio-cultural Integration, and Pride in Canadian Democracy

    R Nakhaie•Canadian ethnic studies•2018

  • How does ethnic minority youth's dual self‐identification affect the formation of interethnic ties in friendship networks

    Open Access•Lexin Chen, T H Stark et al.•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2026

  • Measuring Implicit Political Extremism through Implicit Association Tests

    Open Access•Sebastian Jungkunz, Marc Helbling et al.•Public Opinion Quarterly•2024

  • Covering Muslims

    A Maurits Van Der Veen, Erik Bleich et al.•Covering Muslims•2022

  • Jews and Muslims in London and Amsterdam

    Open Access•Sipco J Vellenga, Sipco Vellenga et al.•Jews and Muslims in London and…•2022

  • Conjectures and Controversy in the Study of Fundamentalism

    W Paul Williamson•Conjectures and Controversy in…•2020

  • National belonging, ‘official’ memory culture, and the moderating role of ethnic background in Germany

    Open Access•Jordan B Katz•European Sociological Review•2026

  • Differentiated Threat and the Genesis of Prejudice

    Open Access•Bart Meuleman, Koen Abts et al.•Social Problems•2019

  • Religious Fundamentalism

    Open Access•D Pollack, Olaf Müller et al.•Sociology of Religion•2024

  • Religious Polarization in Europe

    Open Access•Wilkins-Laflamme, Sarah Wilkins-Laflamme et al.•Sociology of Religion•2024

  • Religiöse Vielfalt als Bedrohung oder Bereicherung? Ergebnisse des Bertelsmann Religionsmonitors 2017 im Ländervergleich

    Open Access•Gert Pickel•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2022

  • Coping with Conflict

    Open Access•Andrew C Moffitt, Julie Exline•Identity•2026

  • A systematic review

    Open Access•Ahmad Munawar Ismail, Paramjit Singh Jamir Singh et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2025

  • A comparison of individual needs and support of violence among radicals, extremists and fundamentalists in Western Europe

    Open Access•Marc Helbling, Sebastian Jungkunz et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2025

  • Conflict-Related Behavior among Sundanese Muslim Students

    Open Access•Agus Abdul Rahman, Nur’aini Azizah et al.•Social Psychology and Society•2023

  • Representing Group Rituals

    Idhamsyah Eka Putra•Journal for the Cognitive Science…•2022

  • Diskriminering og sosial ekskludering av skeive med innvandrerbakgrunn

    Open Access•Helga Eggebø, Henrik Karlstrøm et al.•Tidsskrift for kjønnsforskning•2020

  • L’antisémitisme chez les Musulmans

    Gunther Jikeli•Hérodote•2025

  • Do Muslim Citizens Welcome Fundamentalist Muslim Immigrants? Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment in Kazakhstan

    Open Access•Masaaki Higashijima, A Igarashi et al.•Political Behavior•2026

  • A Mixed-Methods Study on Out-Group Hostility and Religiosity Among Muslims in German Youth Prisons

    Open Access•Barbara R Bergmann, Paulina Lutz et al.•Criminal Justice and Behavior•2025

  • Muslim immigrants and perceived discrimination in Europe

    Open Access•L M Solivetti•Quality & Quantity•2024

  • Die Verbreitung antisemitischer Ressentiments unter Jugendlichen und Heranwachsenden in Deutschland

    Open Access•Jannik M K Fischer, Peter Wetzels•Monatsschrift für Kriminologie…•2024

  • Religiosität und Delinquenz unter christlichen und muslimischen Jugendlichen

    Jan-Philip Steinmann•Monatsschrift für Kriminologie…•2024

  • Vom Glauben zur Radikalisierung

    Open Access•Armin Küchler, Cemal Öztürk et al.•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2025

  • Migration und demokratische politische Kultur in Berlin – Antimuslimischer Rassismus als Gefahr für die Demokratie

    Open Access•Kazım Çelik, Gert Pickel•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2022

  • Der Antisemitismus der Anderen

    Open Access•Cemal Öztürk, Gert Pickel•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2021

  • Antisemitismus unter Muslim*innen

    Open Access•Cemal Öztürk, Gert Pickel•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2024

  • Religious fundamentalism and radicalization

    Open Access•Demmrich, Paul H P Hanel•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2025

  • Antisemitismus in Berlin. Verbreitung, Gründe, Erfahrungen, Folgen und Umgangsweisen in der Zivilgesellschaft

    Open Access•Gert Pickel, Selana Tzschiesche et al.•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2022

  • Revisiting the islam-patriarchy nexus

    Open Access•Cemal Öztürk•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2022

  • Die Verbreitung antisemitischer Einstellungen in Deutschland

    Open Access•Jannik M K Fischer, Peter Wetzels•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2024

  • Researching religion and migration 20 years after ‘9/11’

    Open Access•Fenella Fleischmann•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2022

  • Von Herkunft zu Überzeugung

    Open Access•Eylem Kanol•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2024

  • Die Gefahr der Co-Radikalisierung

    Open Access•Cemal Öztürk, Susanne Pickel•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2024

  • Religion als Ressource für Rechtspopulismus? Zwischen Wahlverwandtschaften und Fremdzuschreibungen

    Open Access•Gert Pickel•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2018

  • Religiöse Identitäten und Vorurteil in Deutschland und der Schweiz – Konzeptionelle Überlegungen und empirische Befunde

    Open Access•Gert Pickel, Antonius Liedhegener et al.•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2020

  • Bedrohungsempfinden als Quelle gruppenbezogener Vorurteile durch Religionen in einer heterogenen Stadtgesellschaft. Analysen des Berlinmonitors

    Open Access•Gert Pickel, Kazım Çelik et al.•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2020

  • Religion und Politik – Über Komplexität, Besonderheiten und Fragestellungen einer interaktiven Beziehung aus politikwissenschaftlicher Perspektive

    Open Access•Oliver Hidalgo•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2017

  • At risk of reproductive disadvantage? Exploring fertility awareness among migrant women in Germany

    Open Access•N Milewski, Sonja Haug•Reproductive Biomedicine &…•2021

  • A Threat to the Occident? Comparing Human Values of Muslim Immigrants, Christian, and Non-religious Natives in Western Europe

    Open Access•C S Czymara, Marcus Eisentraut•Frontiers in Sociology•2020

  • Covid‐19‐Related Conspiracy Myths, Beliefs, and Democracy‐Endangering Consequences

    Open Access•Gert Pickel, Cemal Öztürk et al.•Politics and Governance•2022

  • Young Muslim Perceptions of Their Socio-Educational Inclusion, Religiosity, and Discrimination in Spain

    Open Access•María Navarro-Granados, Verónica Cobano-Delgado Palma•Social Sciences•2024

  • European Muslim Youth and Gender (in)Equality Discourse

    Open Access•Colleen Boland•Social Sciences•2021

  • Are Danes’ Immigration Policy Preferences Based on Accurate Stereotypes

    Open Access•E O W Kirkegaard, Noah Carl et al.•Societies•2020

  • Muslim bias or fear of fundamentalism? A survey experiment in five Western European democracies

    Open Access•Marc Helbling, Felix Jäger et al.•Research & Politics•2022

  • Nationalism by Another Name

    Erin Hughes•The Review of Faith & International…•2017

  • What drives public trust in the military in non-democracies

    Open Access•Yasmina Abouzzohour, Tarik Yousef et al.•The Journal of North African…•2023

  • Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia in the Netherlands

    Sipco J Vellenga, Sipco Vellenga•Journal of Contemporary Religion•2018

  • Islamic Fundamentalism as a lifestyle? a Sociological Study of Islamic Fundamentalism among Sunni Kurds of Iran

    Farhad Bayani, Seyed Hossein Serajzadeh•British Journal of Middle Eastern…•2021

  • Exploring the interplay between religion, tolerance, fundamentalism, and attitudes towards immigrants

    Open Access•A Indelicato, Jean-Claude Martins•Social Identities•2025

  • How Education and Metacognitive Training May Ameliorate Religious Prejudices

    Steffen Möritz, Kaser Ahmed et al.•International Journal for the…•2020

  • Fostering Mutual Understanding Among Muslims and Non-Muslims Through Counterstereotypical Information

    Steffen Möritz, Itimad Lasfar et al.•International Journal for the…•2018

  • Interfaith marriage attitudes in Muslim majority countries

    Open Access•Jana Van Niekerk, M Verkuyten•International Journal for the…•2018

  • (K)eine Frage der Religion

    L Leszczensky•Zeitschrift für Soziologie•2018

  • Liberal democratic values among immigrants in Europe

    Open Access•Fabian Gülzau, Marc Helbling et al.•European Journal of Political…•2025

  • The Paradox of Rising Ethnic Prejudice in Times of Educational Expansion and Secularization in the Netherlands, 1985-2011

    Open Access•Paula Thijs, Manfred Te Grotenhuis et al.•Social Indicators Research•2018

  • Polarization, religiosity, and support for gender equality

    Open Access•Berfin Çakın, Saskia Gla et al.•Women s Studies International Forum•2024

  • Religiosity as a bridge or barrier to immigrant children’s educational achievement

    Open Access•Carol, B Schulz•Research in Social Stratification…•2018

  • Islam, Modernity, and the ‘Problem-Case’ of Religion

    Open Access•N Meer•Genealogy•2026

  • National disidentification and minority identity

    Open Access•Mieke Maliepaard, M Verkuyten•Self and Identity•2017

  • Feelings of anxiety among radical Muslim youths in the Netherlands

    Open Access•Abdelilah Ljamai•Archive for the Psychology of…•2020

  • Demographic change as a driver for tourism automation

    Open Access•Craig Webster, Stanislav Ivanov•Journal of Tourism Futures•2020

  • Explaining the relationship between religiosity and Islamist attitudes

    Open Access•Laura-Romina Goede, Diego Farren•Zeitschrift für Religion…•2026

  • Resentment as an affective foundation of radicalization

    Open Access•Demmrich, D Pollack et al.•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2026

  • Rationale and Methodologies for Surveying Vulnerable Neighborhoods

    Open Access•Peter Esaiasson, Kim Mannemar Sønderskov et al.•Sociological Methods & Research•2026

  • Democratic backsliding as a Pigouvian political externality

    Open Access•Thomas Barnebeck Andersen•Public Choice•2026

  • Religion, sexual ethics, and the politics of belonging

    Open Access•Daan Beekers, Lieke L Schrijvers et al.•Social Compass•2020

  • Who wants to be Norwegian – who gets to be Norwegian? Identificational assimilation and non-recognition among immigrant origin youth in Norway

    Open Access•J H Friberg•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2021

  • The missing politics of muscular liberalism

    J Dobbernack•Identities•2018

  • How Muslims’ denomination shapes their integration

    Open Access•Saskia Gla, Saskia Glas•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2021

  • Islam, opinion climates, and immigrant party loyalties in Western Europe

    Aida Just•West European Politics•2023

  • Beyond religious categories

    Open Access•C Ziller, Teresa Hummler•Social Science Research•2025

  • Does Religion Foster Prejudice among Adherents of all World Religions? A Comparison across Religions

    Open Access•Rachel Kollar, Fenella Fleischmann•Review of Religious Research•2022

  • Religious Fundamentalism and Attitudes towards Sexual and Gender Minorities and Other Marginalized Groups among Religious Leaders in Kenya

    Open Access•David Kuria Mbote, Esther Mombo et al.•Pastoral Psychology•2021

  • Kenyan Religious Leaders’ Views on Same-Sex Sexuality and Gender Nonconformity

    David Kuria Mbote, Theo Sandfort et al.•The Journal of Sex Research•2016

  • How Do Muslims and Jews in Christian Countries See Each Other Today? A Survey Review

    Open Access•Gunther Jikeli•Religions•2023

  • Migration als Gefahr für die politische Kultur

    Open Access•Gert Pickel, Susanne Pickel•Zeitschrift für Vergleichende…•2018

  • Propagated Preferences? Political Elite Discourses and Europeans’ Openness toward Muslim Immigrants

    Open Access•C S Czymara•International Migration Review•2020

  • Arab Mediterranean youth's values

    Open Access•Florencia M Sortheix, Wiebke Weber et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • Religiosity and natives’ social contact with new refugees. Explaining differences between East and West Germany

    Open Access•Jan-Philip Steinmann•International Journal of…•2020

  • Inter-religious feelings of Sunni and Alevi Muslim minorities

    Open Access•Borja Martinovic, M Verkuyten•International Journal of…•2016

  • The Political Participation of Alevis

    Open Access•Ayca Arkilic, Ayse Ezgi Gurcan•Nationalities Papers•2021

  • Speaking Out against the Discrimination of Romanians Abroad

    Open Access•Gherghina, Sorina Soares et al.•Nationalities Papers•2023

  • Competition over collective victimhood recognition

    Open Access•Laura De Guissmé, Laurent Licata•European Journal of Social…•2017

  • Dual Identity, Minority Group Pressure, and the Endorsement of Minority Rights

    Open Access•Diana Cárdenas•Journal of Social Issues•2019

  • The gendered dynamics between religiosity and gender equality attitudes in adolescence. A study among Belgian youth

    Open Access•Linde Stals•Acta Politica•2025

  • Islamophobia Without Muslims? The “Contact Hypothesis” as an Explanation for Anti-Muslim Attitudes – Eastern European Societies in a Comparative Perspective

    Open Access•Gert Pickel, Cemal Öztürk•Journal of Nationalism Memory &…•2018

  • Explaining the relationship between religiosity and anti-diversity attitudes among Christians in Western Germany

    Open Access•Jan-Philip Steinmann, Gert Pickel•Politics and Religion•2025

  • The Failure of Political Islam

    Olivier Roy, Carol Volk•The Failure of Political Islam•1998

  • Social class in American protestantism

    N J Demerath•Social class in American…•1965

  • Fundamentalism and American Culture

    George M Marsden•Fundamentalism and American culture•2006

  • Christian beliefs and anti-Semitism

    Charles Y Glock, Rodney Stark•Christian beliefs and anti-Semitism•1979

  • Covering Islam

    Edward W Said•Covering Islam•2008

  • Islamic Fundamentalism

    Lawrence Davidson•Islamic Fundamentalism•2013

  • Implementing the K-Sads-PL as a standard diagnostic tool

    Open Access•Martin Kramer, Tina Matuschek et al.•Psychiatry Research•2016

  • The Political Language of Islam

    Bernard Lewis, Bernard Lewıs•Political Language of Islam•1988

  • The Challenge of Fundamentalism

    Bassam Tibi, Tibi Bassam•Challenge of Fundamentalism•1998

  • Strong Religion

    Gabriel A Almond, R Scott Appleby et al.•Strong Religion•2002

  • Religious Fundamentalism, Right-Wing Authoritarianism, and Hostility Toward Homosexuals in Non-Christian Religious Groups

    Bruce Hunsberger•International Journal for the…•1996

  • Research

    Bob Altemeyer•International Journal for the…•2003

  • Religion and Prejudice in Ghana and Canada

    Bruce Hunsberger, Vida Owusu et al.•International Journal for the…•1999

  • Reactive Ethnicity” or “Assimilation”? Statements, Arguments, and First Empirical Evidence for Labor Migrants in Germany

    Open Access•Claudia Diehl, Rainer Schnell•International Migration Review•2006

  • A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status

    Open Access•Harry B G Ganzeboom, Paul M De Graaf et al.•Social Science Research•1992

  • The Religiosity of Immigrants in Europe

    Open Access•Anne Maaike Mulders, Frank Van Tubergen et al.•Journal for the Scientific Study…•2011

  • Integration and religiosity among the Turkish second generation in Europe

    Fenella Fleischmann, Karen Phalet•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2011

  • Contexts of immigrant receptivity and immigrant religious outcomes

    Phillip Connor•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2010

  • Do Immigrant Integration Policies Matter? A Three-Country Comparison among Turkish Immigrants

    Evelyn Ersanilli, Ruud Koopmans•West European Politics•2011

  • Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice

    Bob Altemeyer, Bruce Hunsberger•International Journal for the…•1992

  • Right-Wing Religion

    Open Access•Michael Lienesch•Political Science Quarterly•1982

  • Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective

    R Scott Appleby, Bronislaw Misztal et al.•Review of Religious Research•1994

  • Fundamentalism as a Class Culture

    Thaddeus Coreno•Sociology of Religion•2002

  • Religion and Politics in Comparative Perspective

    Jeffrey K Hadden, Bronislaw Misztal et al.•Journal for the Scientific Study…•1993

  • Orthodox Religious Beliefs and Anti-Semitism

    Rob Eisinga, Ruben Konig et al.•Journal for the Scientific Study…•1995

  • A Unidimensional Measure of Christian Orthodoxy

    J Timothy Fullerton, Johanna Fullerton et al.•Journal for the Scientific Study…•1982

  • Christian Beliefs and Antisemitism

    Gordon W Allport, Charles Y Glock et al.•Journal for the Scientific Study…•1967

  • The Rise of Religious Fundamentalism

    M O Emerson, David Hartman•Annual Review of Sociology•2006

  • Fundamentalism et al

    R D Woodberry, Christian Smith et al.•Annual Review of Sociology•1998

  • Multiculturalism and Immigration

    Ruud Koopmans•Annual Review of Sociology•2013

  • Religious Affiliation and Attendance Among Immigrants in Eight Western Countries

    Open Access•Anne Maaike Mulders, Frank Van Tubergen•Journal for the Scientific Study…•2006

  • Religious Fundamentalism as a Predictor of Prejudice

    Open Access•Brian Laythe, D Finkel et al.•Journal for the Scientific Study…•2002

  • Religiosity and gender equality

    Claudia Diehl, M Koenig et al.•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2009

Unique citing works144
Citations per year14,4
Citation span2016 - 2026 (11)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 131

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae