Reconciliation after Genocide, Mass Killing, or Intractable Conflict
Understanding the Roots of Violence, Psychological Recovery, and Steps toward a General Theory
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 7972044 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Ervin Staub (University of Massachusetts Amherst, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2006 |
| Volume | 27 |
| Issue | 6 |
| Pages | 867-894 |
| Publication date | 2006-12-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Political Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0162-895X • E-ISSN: 1467-9221 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00541.x |
| OpenAlex | W2136231389 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 137 |
| References cited | 52 |
This article explores psychological avenues to reconciliation between groups. It describes the psychological changes in survivors, perpetrators, and passive bystanders in the course of the evolution of increasing violence and points to healing from the psychological wounds created as an essential component of reconciliation. It also explores the role of understanding the roots of genocide, and of violence between groups in general, in contributing to healing, to the creation of a shared history in place of the usually contradictory histories held by groups that have been in violent conflict, and to reconciliation in general. The role of processes that have been emphasized in the literature on reconciliation, such as truth, justice, and contact between groups are discussed. Bottom up approaches focusing on the population and top down approaches involving leaders and the media, and the importance of changes in institutions and structures are discussed. The article exemplifies many of the issues and processes by a discussion of the genocide in Rwanda, and by the description of interventions, ranging from work with small groups, including leaders and the media, to radio programs that aimed to further reconciliation, as well as research evaluating an intervention
Criminology · Economic Justice · Genocide · Intervention (counseling · Political science · Population · Psychiatry · Psychological intervention · Sociology · Transitional justice · Forgiveness and Related Behaviors · Law · Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Developing Transpersonal Resiliency
Intergroup reconciliation
Personal intergroup contact between different groups of ex‐combatants and civilians
Contact with former adversaries through mass‐media is linked to forgiveness after dyadic and multi‐ethnic conflicts
Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict
Altruism born of suffering
Intergroup Relations
War, Political Violence, and Effects on Children
Ethnic Cleansing, History of
Transforming Justice Responses to Non-Recent Institutional Abuses
Healing, Reconciliation, Forgiving and the Prevention of Violence after Genocide or Mass Killing
Collective Trauma and the Social Construction of Meaning
Peace Education in Societies Involved in Intractable Conflicts
On Positive Psychological Outcomes
Precursors and mediators of intergroup reconciliation in Northern Ireland
Collective Victimization
When Suffering Begets Suffering
Past, present and future
Identity and Military Threats in Rojava
Víctima y reparación
Can international criminal justice advance ethnic reconciliation? The Icty and ethnic relations in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Truth, justice, and education
Silencing the Past
Post-Conflict Reconstruction
Japan’s Identity Crisis and Sino-Japanese Relations
Explaining the Breakdown of Ethnic Relations
The Witness Experience
Preventing prejudice and improving intergroup attitudes
Collective victimhood and responsibility attributions
Scarcity of Suffering
Encuadres mediáticos del Perdón y Reconciliación en el contexto del conflicto armado colombiano
Cosmopolitan Society and its Enemies
Coming to Terms With Terrorism. Sergio Corbucci’sdonne Armateand the Trauma of Theanni Di Piombo
A Critical Review of Official Public Apologies
The role of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in committing violence during combat
National Narrative and Social Psychological Influences in Turks’ Denial of the Mass Killings of Armenians as Genocide
The psychological correlates of transitional justice in Rwanda
Rwanda – lasting imprints of a genocide
Renegotiating Israeli Identities, Collective Victimhood and Social Exclusion of Arab Israelis in a Changing Social Reality
A cross-regional comparison of Chinese bystanders' psychological experience of campus bullying
The voices of silence
Between Fiction and Reality in Post-Genocide Rwanda
Concealing former identity to be accepted after the demobilization process in Colombia
The Challenging Road to Reconciliation in Rwanda
Twenty Years After Genocide
Messages of Hope
The long road from cold war to warm peace
Transforming the Frozen Conflict of Moldova-Transdniestria through Joint Mediation Training
How Reconciliation Underpins Peace and Development? Disentangling Meanings in Colombia
A Dance of Shadows and Fires
The Social Determinants of Health and Genocide
Reconciliation and Justice after Genocide
Writing Transitional Justice
Documenting the legacies of the Chilean dictatorship
A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts
What is reconciliation and are we there yet?” Different types and levels of reconciliation
The Destruction of Identity
Reconciliation and intergroup forgiveness
Microlevel Security after Armed Conflict
Preaching to the choir or converting the uninitiated? The integrative potential of in-group deliberations
Refining the association between intergroup contact and intergroup forgiveness in Northern Ireland
Groups’ search for meaning
Peace vision and its socio-emotional antecedents
Documenting atrocities around the world
Paving the road to reconciliation
Exposure to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda and survivor attitudes toward génocidaires
Engaging with intergroup prejudice in victims of violent crime/attack
You say it best when you say nothing at all”
Preventing violence and promoting active bystandership and peace
Preventing violence and terrorism and promoting positive relations between Dutch and Muslim communities in Amsterdam
Toward sustainable psychological interventions for change
Muslim and Westerner responses to terrorism
Fostering reconciliation through historical moral exemplars in a postconflict society
Analyzing reconciliation
Twenty Years Post‐genocide
Reconciliation
Quiet’ Transitional Justice
Narrating Genocide
Who Is to Blame? Rape of Hindu-Muslim Women in Interethnic Violence in India
Settling Softly
National unity and reconciliation in Rwanda
A social identity perspective on dark tourism impacts
Factors affecting bilateral Chinese and Japanese travel
Defensive representations of an uncomfortable history
Exclusive victimhood, higher ethnic and lower national identities predict less support for reconciliation among native and Chinese Indonesians through mutual prejudice
Collective victimhood beliefs among majority and minority groups
Can identification as Muslim increase support for reconciliation? The case of the Kurdish conflict in Turkey
Exploring inclusive victimhood narratives
Centre/ing decolonial feminist psychology in Africa
Inter‐group forgiveness in the aftermath of symmetric and asymmetric communal violence
A century of victimhood
Social identity and personality processes
When intergroup apology is not enough
Seeking revenge or seeking reconciliation? How concern for social‐image and felt shame helps explain responses in reciprocal intergroup conflict
Violence, Trust, and Public Support for the Colombian Peace Agreement
Reconciliation through the Righteous
A World without Genocide
Witnesses/Bystanders
A Model of Long-Term Conflict Resolution and Cooperation
Twenty years later, the cognitive portrait of openness to reconciliation in Rwanda
When Victims Become Killers
The Psychology of Good and Evil
An Ethic For Enemies
The Belief in a Just World
Healing, Reconciliation, Forgiving and the Prevention of Violence after Genocide or Mass Killing
The Rwanda crisis
Building peace
Leave none to tell the story
Bloodlines
France, Germany, and the New Europe, 1945-1963
Conflict
Collective Memory of Physical Violence
War and Reconciliation
Reconciliation in Divided Societies
Peace Education
Perpetration-Induced Traumatic Stress
Shared Beliefs in a Society
Generalized Intergroup Contact Effects on Prejudice
The conflict in Northern Ireland
Establishing collective norms
The origins and prevention of genocide, mass killing, and other collective violence
Benefit or Burden
Healing the roots of genocide in Rwanda
France, Germany, and the New Europe 1945-1963
Promoting Joint Thinking in International Conflicts
Moral Exclusion, Personal Goal Theory, and Extreme Destructiveness
Moral Exclusion and Injustice
Conflict resolution, theory and practice
Cultural-societal roots of violence
Accounting for genocide after 1945
Toward a psychology of being
Genocide and Mass Killing
The Evolution of Bystanders, German Psychoanalysts, and Lessons for Today
Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation
Does Truth Lead to Reconciliation? Testing the Causal Assumptions of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Process
Retaliation as a means of restoring equity
Forgiveness, forbearance, and time
A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory
We Suffer Our Memories
The Role of Memory in Ethnic Conflict
Intergroup Contact Theory
The Resolution of Conflict
| Unique citing works | 137 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 6,52 |
| Citation span | 2005 - 2026 (22) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 131 |