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Notes1 E. P. Thompson, ‘The peculiarities of the English’ in The Poverty of Theory, and Other Essays (London, 1978), 47. I would like to thank the following for their comments on this article: Kelly Boyd, Jim Obelkevich, Tony Taylor and Pamela Walker.2 E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (London, 1968 [1963]).3 E. J. Hobsbawm, ‘The labour aristocracy in nineteenth-century Britain’ in Labouring Men: Studies in the History of Labour (London, 1964), 272–3.4 E. P. Thompson, ‘Which Britons?’ in Persons and Polemics (London, 1994), 328. For a productive approach to class, see Geoff Eley and Keith Nield, The Future of Class in History: What's Left of the Social? (Ann Arbor, 2007).5 E. P. Thompson, William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary (London, 1955), and ‘Homage to Tom Maguire’ in Persons and Polemics, op. cit., 23–65.6 E. P. Thompson, ‘Mayhew and the Morning Chronicle’ in Eileen Yeo and E. P. Thompson (eds), The Unknown Mayhew: Selections from the ‘Morning Chronicle’, 1849–1850 (London, 1971), 11–50.7 E. P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origins of the Black Act (London, 1975); E. P. Thompson, Customs in Common (London, 1991).8 E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, 1789–1848 (London, 1962); The Age of Capital, 1848–1875 (London, 1975); The Age of Empire, 1875–1914 (London, 1987); Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London, 1994).9 In fairness, this issue dominates Hobsbawm's own autobiography: Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life (London, 2002).10 E. J. Hobsbawm, Labouring Men, op. cit.; E. J. Hobsbawm, Worlds of Labour: Further Studies in the History of Labour (London, 1984).11 E. P. Thompson, The Making, op. cit., 916.12 F. M. L.Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: A Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830–1900 (London, 1988).13 For example, Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven, 1992); Simon Gunn, The Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class: Ritual and Authority in the English Industrial City, 1840–1914 (Manchester, 2000); Tristram Hunt, Building Jerusalem: The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City (London, 2004).14 E. J. Hobsbawm, ‘Notes on class consciousness’ in Worlds of Labour, op. cit., 27–8.15 Patrick Joyce, Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Late Victorian England (Brighton, 1980); Martin Pugh, The Tories and the People, 1880–1935 (Oxford, 1985); Jon Lawrence, Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867–1914 (Cambridge, 1998); Alex Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in Imperial London, 1868–1906 (London, 2007); Andrej Olechnowicz (ed.), The Monarchy and the British Nation, 1780 to the Present (Cambridge, 2007).16 Martin Pugh, ‘The rise of Labour and the political culture of conservatism, 1890–1945’, History, lxxxvii, 288 (2002), 514–37; see also Paul Ward, Red Flag and Union Jack: Englishness, Patriotism and the British Left, 1881–1924 (Woodbridge, 1998).17 Ross McKibbin, Parties and People: England, 1914–1951 (Oxford, 2010), 95–6.18 Michael Roe, Kenealy and the Tichborne Cause: A Study in Mid-Victorian Populism (Melbourne, 1974); Craig Calhoun, The Question of Class Struggle: Social Foundations of Popular Radicalism during the Industrial Revolution (Oxford, 1982); Patrick Joyce, Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class, 1840–1914 (Cambridge, 1991); Craig Calhoun, The Roots of Radicalism: Tradition, the Public Sphere, and Early Nineteenth Century Social Movements (Chicago, 2012).19 Rohan McWilliam, The Tichborne Claimant: A Victorian Sensation (London, 2007) is an attempt to explore some of these ambiguities in popular politics.20 Robert Roberts, The Classic Slum: Salford Life in the First Quarter of the Century (London, 1973 [1971]), 28.21 Mike Savage and Andrew Miles, The Remaking of the British Working Class, 1840–1940 (London, 1994) 17.22 Carolyn Steedman, Labours Lost: Domestic Service and the Making of Modern England (Cambridge, 2009).23 E. J. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire: An Economic History of Britain since 1750 (London, 1968), 4.24 E. J. Hobsbawm, ‘The labour aristocracy in nineteenth-century Britain’ in Labouring Men, op. cit., 276. See also Hobsbawm's ‘The formation of British working-class culture’ in Worlds of Labour, op. cit., 176–93.25 E. J. Hobsbawm, ‘Custom, wages and work-load in nineteenth-century industry’ in Labouring Men, op. cit., 344–70.26 E. J. Hobsbawm, ‘The making of the working class, 1870–1914’ in Worlds of Labour, op. cit., 194, 196.27 Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy (Harmondsworth, 1957).28 E. P. Thompson, ‘Homage to Tom Maguire’, op. cit., 27.29 Rohan McWilliam, ‘Liberalism lite?’, Victorian Studies, xvviii, 1 (2005), 103–11.30 Patrick Joyce, The Rule of Freedom: Liberalism and the Modern City (London, 2003).31 E. P. Thompson, ‘Mayhew and the Morning Chronicle’, op. cit.32 Asa Briggs, The Age of Improvement, 1783–1867 (London, 1959).33 Margot C. Finn, After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics, 1825–50 (Cambridge, 1993); Peter Taylor, Popular Politics in Early Industrial Britain: Bolton, 1825–50 (Keele, 1995).34 E. P. Thompson, ‘Homage to Tom Maguire’, op. cit., 27.35 Eugenio Biagini and Alastair J. Reid (eds), Currents of Radicalism: Popular Radicalism, Organized Labour and Party Politics in Britain, 1850–1914 (Cambridge, 1991).36 E. J. Hobsbawm, ‘The Fabians reconsidered’ in Labouring Men, op. cit., 256.37 Peter Clarke, ‘The social democratic theory of the class struggle’ in Jay Winter (ed.), The Working Class in Modern British History: Essays in Honour of Henry Pelling (Cambridge, 1983), 3–18. It is ironic that Hobsbawm became an important intellectual influence in the rebuilding of the Labour Party in the 1980s.38 E. P. Thompson, The Making, op. cit., 11.39 Amartya Sen, ‘Capability and well-being’ in Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen (eds), The Quality of Life (Oxford, 1993), 30–53.40 Emma Griffin, Liberty's Dawn: A People's History of the Industrial Revolution (London, 2013).41 E. P. Thompson, The Making, op. cit., 9

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