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Nonhuman Animals as Property Holders

An Exploration of the Lockean Labour-Mixing Account

Bibliographic Data

ID8072867
AuthorsJoe Milburn (0000-0003-0638-8555, Department of Philosophy Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6, corresponding author), Josh Milburn (Department of Philosophy Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6)
Year2017
Volume26
Issue5
Pages629-648
Publication date2017-08-30
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueEnvironmental Values (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0963-2719 • E-ISSN: 1752-7015
PublisherSAGE Publishing (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.3197/096327117x15002190708155
OpenAlexW2753882011
LanguageEN
Citations received16
References cited22

Recent proposals in political philosophy concerning nonhuman animals as property-holders – by John Hadley and Steve Cooke – have focused on the interests that nonhuman animals have in access to and use of their territories. The possibility that such rights might be grounded on the basis of a Lockean (that is, labour-mixing) account of property has been rejected. In this paper, I explore four criticisms of Lockean property rights for nonhuman animals – concerning self-ownership, initiative, exertion and the sufficiency of protection offered – concluding that Lockean property rights could be extended to nonhuman animals. I then suggest that Lockean property rights actually offer advantages over interest-based accounts: they more clearly ground property, they are potentially broader, and they are considerably stronger

Animal rights · Environmental ethics · Epistemology · Law and economics · Political science · Politics · Property (philosophy · Property rights · Sociology · Philosophical Ethics and Theory · Law · Philosophy

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    Open Access•Pablo P Castelló•American Journal of Political…•2026

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  • Creating and sustaining just food systems

    Joe Milburn, Josh Milburn•Food, Justice, and Animals•2023

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  • A defence of cellular agriculture

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  • A positive case for cultivated meat

    Joe Milburn, Josh Milburn•Food, Justice, and Animals•2023

  • Climate Change, Animal Agriculture, and Ethics

    Open Access•Alfonso Donoso, Ross Mittiga•Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews…•2026

  • Red in Tooth and Claw No More

    Open Access•Connor K Kianpour, Eze Paez•Environmental Values•2022

  • Permissible Purchasing, Obligatory Abstention

    Open Access•Daniel White•Journal of Applied Philosophy•2026

  • Animal Property Rights as a Decolonial Project

    Antoni Mikocki•Journal of Animal Ethics•2024

  • Wild Animals and Duties of Assistance

    Open Access•Beka Jalagania•Journal of Agricultural and…•2021

  • Food, Justice, and Animals

    Joe Milburn, Josh Milburn•Food, Justice, and Animals•2023

  • The common heritage of Animalkind

    Open Access•Christine Armstrong•Environmental Politics•2025

  • John Locke and America

    Barbara Arneil•John Locke and America•1996

  • The Rise of Critical Animal Studies

    Nik Taylor, Richard Twine•Rise of Critical Animal Studies•2014

  • Animal ethics and the political

    Alasdair Cochrane, Robert Garner et al.•Critical Review of International…•2016

  • John Hadley

    Open Access•Joe Milburn•Res Publica. Revista de Historia…•2016

  • Ownership and Justice for Animals

    Open Access•Alasdair Cochrane•Utilitas•2009

  • A Theory of Justice for Animals

    Robert Garner•Theory of Justice for Animals•2013

  • Animals, Equality and Democracy

    Open Access•Simon O’sullivan, Siobhan O’sullivan et al.•Animals, Equality and Democracy•2011

  • The demandingness of Nozick’s ‘Lockean’ proviso

    Open Access•Joe Milburn, Josh Milburn•European Journal of Political…•2016

Unique citing works16
Citations per year3,2
Citation span2021 - 2026 (6)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 15

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