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Energetic costs of bipedal and quadrupedal walking in Japanese macaques

Bibliographic Data

ID8314728
AuthorsM Nakatsukasa (0000-0002-6897-8027, Kyoto University, corresponding author), Naomichi Ogihara (0000-0002-1697-9263, Kyoto University), Yohei Hamada (0000-0001-7196-9271, Kyoto University), Yuki Goto (0000-0003-4317-0790, Kyoto University), Minoru Yamada (0000-0003-3291-0175, Kyoto University), Takuya Hirakawa (0000-0003-1581-1319, Kyoto University), Eishi Hirasaki (0000-0001-7849-1936, The University of Osaka)
Year2004
Volume124
Issue3
Pages248-256
Publication date2004-07-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0002-9483 • E-ISSN: 1096-8644
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1002/ajpa.10352
PMID15197820
OpenAlexW2064963663
LanguageEN
Citations received23
References cited7

We investigated the energetic costs of quadrupedal and bipedal walking in two Japanese macaques. The subjects were engaged in traditional bipedal performance for years, and are extremely adept bipeds. The experiment was conducted in an airtight chamber with a gas analyzer. The subjects walked quadrupedally and bipedally at fixed velocities ( 2 ) production. While walking bipedally, energetic expenditure increased by 30% relative to quadrupedalism in one subject, and by 20% in another younger subject. Energetic costs increased linearly with velocity in quadrupedalism and bipedalism, with bipedal/quadrupedal ratios remaining almost constant. Our experiments were relatively short in duration, and thus the observed locomotor costs may include presteady‐state high values. However, there was no difference in experimental duration between bipedal and quadrupedal trials. Thus, the issue of steady state cannot cancel the difference in energetic costs. Furthermore, we observed that switching of locomotor mode (quadrupedalism to bipedalism) during a session resulted in a significant increase of CO 2 production. Taylor and Rowntree ([ 1973 ] Science 179: 186–187) noted that the energetic costs for bipedal and quadrupedal walking were the same in chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys. Although the reason for this inconsistency is not clear, species‐specific differences should be considered regarding bipedal locomotor energetics among nonhuman primates. Extra costs for bipedalism may not be great in these macaques. Indeed, it is known that suspensory locomotion in Ateles consumes 1.3–1.4 times as much energy relative to quadrupedal progression. This excess ratio surpasses the bipedal/quadrupedal energetic ratios in these macaques. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc

Biology · Bipedalism · Energy expenditure · Gait · Physical medicine and rehabilitation · Quadrupedalism · Treadmill · Anatomy · Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior · Medicine · Neural dynamics and brain function · Physiology · Primate Behavior and Ecology

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Unique citing works23
Citations per year1,05
Citation span2004 - 2025 (22)
Citation velocityrecent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 21
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