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The impact of questioning strategies on target language production and learner confidence

Bibliographic Data

ID8937589
AuthorsAngela Gardner (Ross High School Hamilton Ohio USA), Karen Lichtman (0000-0003-3328-1163, Department of World Languages and Cultures Northern Illinois University DeKalb Illinois USA, corresponding author)
Year2023
Volume57
Issue1
Pages256-275
Publication date2023-12-11
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueForeign Language Annals (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0015-718X • E-ISSN: 1944-9720
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/flan.12743
OpenAlexW4389580121
LanguageEN
Citations received1
References cited17

This study investigated how questioning strategies impact language learner performance. Specifically, it explored how questioning strategies influence (i) verb production and subject–verb agreement in the target language, and (ii) learner confidence in completing tasks without translation software. Sixty‐eight novice language learners enrolled in a high school Spanish I course participated. The students were divided into two groups. After a pretest, one group completed an activity with divergent (open‐ended) questions, while the other group did the same activity with contingent (either/or) questions. Participants then completed a posttest and rated their temptation to use translation software. Writing on the pre‐ and posttests was evaluated for verb production, verb conjugation, and subject–verb agreement. Results show that as compared with divergent questions, contingent questions (i) help students produce significantly more conjugated verbs and more accurate subject/verb agreement, and (ii) significantly reduce the temptation to rely on translation software

Linguistics · Mathematics education · Production (economics · Subject (documents · Temptation · Verb · Computer Science · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning · Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods · Psychology · Second Language Acquisition and Learning · Social Psychology

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Unique citing works1
Citations per year1
Citation span2025 - 2025 (1)
Citation velocityrecent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 1

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