The Establishment of Primary Schools in France under the Directory

During the Revolution in France, education in that country experienced important changes in both theory and practice. Numerous plans were proposed for new curricula and new systems of school organization; in many cases the principles involved were as revolutionary as those related to government. However, when attempts were made to put these principles and plans into effect, the results fell short of the ideal. Napoleon, therefore, did not hesitate to put his own program into operation after the turn of the century. Nevertheless, in winning credit for the establishment of a state school system, he owed much to what had already been done in that area

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