Geographic Variation in Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Use and Heart Failure Survival

BACKGROUND: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillators (ICD/CRT-Ds) are evidence-based preventative treatments for many patients with heart failure (HF), yet large numbers of eligible patients remain untreated. It is uncertain if localities with more frequent ICD/CRT-D use have had better rates of HF survival. OBJECTIVES: To determine if US Hospital Referral Regions (HRRs) with larger increases in the rate of ICD/CRT-D utilization during 2002 to 2007 also had commensurate increases in HF survival. RESEARCH DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. PARTICIPANTS: Medicare beneficiaries age 66 to 80 nonelectively hospitalized for HF from 2002 to 2007. MEASURES: Each HRR's annual ICD/CRT-D rate was estimated from the cohort's Medicare procedure claims. Survival duration was determined from Medicare mortality records. HRR-year-level panel regression models were estimated to assess whether an HRR's ICD/CRT-D rate predicted HF survival, adjusting for baseline differences in survival across HRRs and secular trends. RESULTS: A total of 883,002 HF patients were propensity-score matched within HRR across 2002 to 2007. Across HRRs, growth in ICD/CRT-D use among such patients varied from 1 to 12 percentage points. Regression models indicated that a 1 percentage point increase in an HRR's ICD/CRT-D utilization among hospitalized HF patients was associated with an increase in 1-year survival of 0.12% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.03%-0.21%, P=0.009] and with a 0.26% increase in HF survival at 2 years (95% CI, 0.14%-0.37%, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Localities with greater increases in ICD/CRT-D utilization from 2002 to 2007 also had greater improvements in HF survival. Areas with persistently low ICD/CRT-D use may be good targets for programs designed to increase the evidence-based use of defibrillators

Cardiac resynchronization therapy · Cardiology · Cohort · Cohort study · Confidence interval · Ejection fraction · Heart failure · Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator · Propensity score matching · Retrospective cohort study · Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies · Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors · Emergency Medicine · Heart Failure Treatment and Management · Internal Medicine · Medicine

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