United We Stand! Joint Struggles of Native Americans and African Americans in the Columbian Era

Even as late as 1492, slavery had no color codes. But after the fall of Granada and the end of the Reconquista, the spurious equation positing that "Catholicism = civilization" began to be voiced with increasing stridency by the rulers and officials of the Spanish church and state. A new and virulent form of racial bigotry and religious intolerance began to supplant the age-old Moorish traditions of benevolence and lenity toward Christians, Jews, and the rainbow-array of races, colors, and creeds that were integral to the far-flung Moorish Empire. At its zenith, this Empire had stretched from Tunisia to Senegal, across the Mediterranean from the Atlantic coast of Spain to northern Italy, and along the Biscayan coast as far north as Tours in France.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website

Ancient history · Archaeology · Civilization · Empire · Archaeology and Natural History · Colonialism, slavery, and trade · History · Latin American and Latino Studies

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