Early Bronze Age Chronology

Over the years, 40 radiocarbon samples (charcoal and seeds) have been measured from the site of Tel Yarmuth. These samples originate from 3 major archaeological periods: Final Early Bronze Age (henceforth EB) I, EB II, and EB IIIB-C. The samples are further on divided into 8 separate archaeological phases. Bayesian modeling analyses were performed on the data. Separate models were run with seeds and charcoals to detect a possible old-wood effect. Outliers were detected, and finally models with gaps were run to account for the lack of samples from 2 archaeological layers. The results suggest that at Tel Yarmuth the end of the EB II occurred ∼2950–2880 BC, and that the EB III ended at the latest ∼2450 BC, perhaps before 2500 BC. Although these dates are somewhat earlier than traditionally assumed, they are in close accordance with the new analysis of other 14 C dates for the Early Bronze Age in the southern Levant (Regev et al., these proceedings)

Archaeology · Bronze · Bronze Age · Charcoal · Chronology · Geochronology · Geography · Radiocarbon dating · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies · Archaeology and Historical Studies · Chemistry · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies · Geology · Paleontology

• The Interaction of Climate Change and Agency in the Collapse of Civilizations ca. 2300–2000 BC

  Malcolm H Wiener, Malcolm Wiener•Tree-Ring Research•2014

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• Radiocarbon chronology of the EB I–II and II–III transitions at Tel Bet Yerah, and its implications for the nature of social change in the southern Levant

  Johanna Regev, Sthefanye Paz et al.•Levant•2019

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• The Amorite Problem

  Robert S Homsher, Melissa S Cradic•Levant•2017

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• Climate, settlement patterns and olive horticulture in the southern Levant during the Early Bronze and Intermediate Bronze Ages ( c. 3600–1950 BC)

  Dafna Langgut, Matthew J Adams et al.•Levant•2016

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• On Early Bronze Age Levantine combed vessels

  Pierre De Miroschedji•Levant•2021

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• Cultural continuity and asymmetry through the Levantine Early Bronze Age

  Aaron D Gidding•Levant•2023

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• Holocene landscape dynamics and long-term population trends in the Levant

  Open Access•Alessio Palmisano, John Woodbridge et al.•The Holocene•2019

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• On Early Bronze Age Copper Bar Ingots from the Southern Levant

  Andreas Hauptmann, Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker et al.•Bulletin of the American Schools…•2015

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• The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant

  Open Access•Raphael Greenberg, Rafaʾel Grinberg•Archaeology of the Bronze Age…•2019

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• Ciudades y luces a principios de la Edad del Bronce Antiguo. Sobre las primeras lámparas de aceite en el Levante meridional

  Open Access•Nimrod Getzov, Ianir Milevski•Revista del Instituto de Historia…•2021

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• Mea culpa

  Open Access•Haskel J Greenfield•Frontiers in Environmental…•2026

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• Redefining “Collapse” in the Early Bronze Age

  Suzanne Richard•Journal of Ancient Near Eastern…•2024

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• Provenance and exchange of basalt grinding stones of EB III Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel

  Open Access•Jeremy A Beller, Haskel J Greenfield et al.•Journal of Archaeological Science…•2016

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• Radiocarbon Assessment of Early Bronze Arad

  Johanna Regev, Lior Regev et al.•Tel Aviv•2017

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• The Archaeology and History of the Negev and Neighbouring Areas in the Third Millennium BCE

  Israel Finkelstein, Matthew J Adams et al.•Tel Aviv•2018

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• The Early Bronze Age Remains at Tell eṣ-Ṣāfi/Gath

  Itzhaq Shai, Haskel J Greenfield et al.•Tel Aviv•2014

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• Early Bronze Age copper production systems in the northern Arabah Valley

  Open Access•Erez Ben-Yosef, Aaron D Gidding et al.•Journal of Archaeological Science•2016

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• The Early Bronze Age at Tel Nagila

  Yitzhak Paz, Jacques Uziel et al.•Palestine Exploration Quarterly•2016

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• Daily life and cultural appropriation in Early Bronze Age Canaan

  Shira Albaz, Haskel J Greenfield et al.•Palestine Exploration Quarterly•2022

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• Tel Yaqush—An Early Bronze Age Village in the Central Jordan Valley, Israel

  Yael Rotem, Mark Iserlis et al.•Bulletin of the American Schools…•2019

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• Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean 1989–1996, Volume 4

  Alexander H Joffe•Bulletin of the American Schools…•2014

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• Egypt and the Southern Levant in the Early Bronze Age

  Alexander H Joffe•Bulletin of the American Schools…•2019

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• Climate change and early urbanism in Southwest Asia

  Open Access•Dan Lawrence, Graham Philip et al.•Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews…•2022

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• Radiocarbon Evidence for the Early Bronze Age Levant

  Open Access•Felix Höflmayer, Michael W Dee et al.•Radiocarbon•2014

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• The Interaction of Climate Change and Agency in the Collapse of Civilizations ca. 2300–2000 BC

  Open Access•Malcolm H Wiener•Radiocarbon•2014

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• A Radiocarbon Sequence from Tell Abu en-Ni‘aj, Jordan and its Implications for Early Bronze IV Chronology in the Southern Levant

  Open Access•Steven E Falconer, Patricia L Fall•Radiocarbon•2016

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• Dating Archaeological Cultures by Their Moats? A Case Study from the Early Bronze Age Settlement Fidvár near Vráble, SW Slovakia

  Open Access•Frank Schlütz, Felix Bittmann•Radiocarbon•2016

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• New Ams Chronology for the Early Bronze Iii/Iv Transition at Khirbat Iskandar, Jordan

  Open Access•Patricia L Fall, Suzanne Richard et al.•Radiocarbon•2022

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• Chronology of the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant

  Open Access•Johanna Regev, Pierre De Miroschedji et al.•Radiocarbon•2012

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• Bridging the Gap Ebiii-Iba

  Open Access•Ron Lev, Omer Shalev et al.•Radiocarbon•2020

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• Jericho and the Chronology of Palestine in the Early Bronze Age

  Open Access•L Nigro, Lucio Calcagnile et al.•Radiocarbon•2019

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• New Bayesian Radiocarbon Models and Ceramic Chronologies for Early Bronze Iv Tell Abu en-Ni‘aj and Middle Bronze Age Tell El-Hayyat, Jordan

  Open Access•Patricia L Fall, Steven E Falconer et al.•Radiocarbon•2021

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• Household Rituals and Sacrificial Donkeys

  Haskel J Greenfield, T L Greenfield et al.•Near Eastern Archaeology•2018

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• Yarmouth 1. Rapport sur les trois premières campagnes de fouilles à Tel Yarmouth (Israël) (1980-1982) . Pierre de Miroschedji

  P Jacobs, Paul J Jacobs•Bulletin of the American Schools…•1992

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• New Light on the Relations between Egypt and Southern Palestine during the Early Bronze Age

  Amnon Ben-Tor•Bulletin of the American Schools…•1991

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• Dealing with Outliers and Offsets in Radiocarbon Dating

  Open Access•Christopher B Ramsey•Radiocarbon•2009

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• Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates

  Open Access•Christopher B Ramsey•Radiocarbon•2009

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• Quality Controlled Radiocarbon Dating of Bones and Charcoal from the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) of Motza (Israel)

  Open Access•Meirav Yizhaq, Genia Mintz et al.•Radiocarbon•2005

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• Chronology of the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant

  Open Access•Johanna Regev, Pierre De Miroschedji et al.•Radiocarbon•2012

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• Discussion Reporting of 14 C Data

  Open Access•Minze Stuiver, Henry A Polach•Radiocarbon•1977

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• IntCal09 and Marine09 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves, 0-50,000 Years cal BP

  Open Access•Paula J Reimer, M G L Baillie et al.•Radiocarbon•2009

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• Yarmuth

  Pierre De Miroschedji•Near Eastern Archaeology•1999

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• The chronology of ancient Egypt

  K A Kitchen•World Archaeology•1991

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