IntCal20 Tree Rings

We undertook a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of Northern Hemisphere tree-ring datasets included in IntCal20 in order to evaluate their strategic fit with the demands of archaeological users. Case studies on wiggle-matching single tree rings from timbers in historic buildings and Bayesian modeling of series of results on archaeological samples from Neolithic long barrows in central-southern England exemplify the archaeological implications that arise when using IntCal20. The SWOT analysis provides an opportunity to think strategically about future radiocarbon ( 14 C) calibration so as to maximize the utility of 14 C dating in archaeology and safeguard its reputation in the discipline

Archaeology · Context analysis · Dendrochronology · Geography · Management · Political science · Radiocarbon dating · Reputation · SWOT Analysis · Archaeological Research and Protection · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies · Geology and Paleoclimatology Research · Law

• Microhistories and Temporal Continuities

  Open Access•Jacob Holland‐lulewicz, Nicholas V Kessler•American Antiquity•2026

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• A history of the LBK in the central Polish lowlands

  A Whittle, A Marciniak et al.•Praehistorische Zeitschrift•2022

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• Environmental Archaeology Through Tree Rings

  Open Access•Lucian Dîncă, Cristinel Constandache et al.•Heritage•2025

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• Report on new tree-ring-radiocarbon dates from Snaketown, Gila River Indian Community

  Open Access•Nicholas V Kessler, H D Wallace•Journal of Archaeological Science…•2024

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• New tree-ring-radiocarbon dates reveal drought-migration linkage for central Arizona cliff dwelling

  Open Access•Nicholas V Kessler, Matthew Guebard et al.•Journal of Archaeological Science…•2021

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• Radiocarbon evidence over the apparent grand solar minimum around 400 BCE

  Open Access•Michael W Dee, Andrea Scifo et al.•Radiocarbon•2025

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• Absolute Chronology at the Waterlogged Site of La Draga (Lake Banyoles, Ne Iberia)

  Open Access•Vasiliki Andreaki, J A Barceló et al.•Radiocarbon•2022

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• Letter From the Guest Editor

  Open Access•Paula J Reimer•Radiocarbon•2020

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• The Distribution of Age Disparities in Conifer Charcoal From Archaeological Structures and Applications for Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon Dating

  Open Access•Nicholas V Kessler•Radiocarbon•2021

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• The IntCal20 Approach to Radiocarbon Calibration Curve Construction

  Open Access•Timothy J Heaton, Martijn Blaauw et al.•Radiocarbon•2020

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• Dendrochronology and Radiocarbon Dating

  Open Access•Charlotte Pearson, Steven W Leavitt et al.•Radiocarbon•2022

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• Approximate” Wiggle-Match Dating Applied to Early American Museum Objects

  Open Access•Carla S Hadden, Katharine G Napora et al.•Radiocarbon•2024

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• The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP)

  Open Access•Paula J Reimer, William E N Austin et al.•Radiocarbon•2020

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• Collaborative Archaeology, Public Parks, and the Importance of Chronology at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park

  Open Access•V D Thompson, Jasmine Birch et al.•American Antiquity•2026

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• Neolithization and Population Replacement in Britain

  Open Access•J Thomas•Cambridge Archaeological Journal•2022

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• Dorstone Hill

  Open Access•Keith Ray, Julian Thomas et al.•Antiquity•2023

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• Dating the Methuselah Walk Bristlecone Pine Floating Chronologies

  Matthew W Salzer, Charlotte L Pearson et al.•Tree-Ring Research•2019

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• A signature of cosmic-ray increase in ad 774–775 from tree rings in Japan

  Open Access•Fusa Miyake, Kentaro Nagaya et al.•Nature•2012

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• A revolutionary graphitisation system

  Open Access•Lukas Wacker, Mojmír Němec et al.•Nuclear Instruments and Methods…•2010

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• Bats

  Open Access•Lukas Wacker, Marcus Christl et al.•Nuclear Instruments and Methods…•2010

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• Vox Populi

  Open Access•Francis Galton•Nature•1907

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• Micadas

  Open Access•Hans‐arno Synal, Hans-Arno Synal et al.•Nuclear Instruments and Methods…•2007

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• The Influence of Calibration Curve Construction and Composition on the Accuracy and Precision of Radiocarbon Wiggle-Matching of Tree Rings, Illustrated by Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Data Sets from AD 1500–1950

  Open Access•Angela Hogg, Timothy J Heaton et al.•Radiocarbon•2019

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• The Cultural Project

  Open Access•Anthony Denaire, Philippe Lefranc et al.•Journal of Archaeological Method…•2017

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• A continuous multimillennial ring-width chronology in Yamal, northwestern Siberia

  Open Access•Rashit Hantemirov, Rashit M Hantemirov et al.•The Holocene•2002

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• A 9111 year long conifer tree-ring chronology for the European Alps

  Open Access•Kurt Nicolussi, M Kaufmann et al.•The Holocene•2009

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• Temporal dynamics of Linearbandkeramik houses and settlements, and their implications for detecting the environmental impact of early farming

  Open Access•John Meadows, Nils Müller‐scheeßel et al.•The Holocene•2019

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• Investigating the likelihood of a reservoir offset in the radiocarbon record for ancient Egypt

  Open Access•Michael W Dee, Fiona Brock et al.•Journal of Archaeological Science•2009

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• A bayesian approach to wiggle-matching

  Open Access•J Andrés Christen, C D Litton•Journal of Archaeological Science•1995

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• Intcal04 Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0–26 Cal Kyr BP

  Open Access•Paula J Reimer, Mgl Baillie et al.•Radiocarbon•2004

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• IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP

  Open Access•Paula J Reimer, Edouard Bard et al.•Radiocarbon•2013

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• High-Precision Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale, AD 1950–500 BC

  Open Access•Minze Stuiver, Gordon W Pearson•Radiocarbon•1986

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• A high-precision calibration of the AD radiocarbon time scale

  Open Access•Minze Stuiver•Radiocarbon•1982

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• What Is the Carbon Origin of Early-Wood

  Open Access•Sabrina G K Kudsk, Jesper Olsen et al.•Radiocarbon•2018

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• Radiocarbon Dating at Groningen

  Open Access•Michael W Dee, Sanne W L Palstra et al.•Radiocarbon•2020

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• A 14 C Calibration with AMS from 3500 to 3000 BC, Derived from A New High-Elevation Stone-Pine Tree-Ring Chronology

  Open Access•Franz Dellinger, Walter Kutschera et al.•Radiocarbon•2004

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• Annual Variation in Atmospheric 14 C Between 1700 BC and 1480 BC

  Open Access•Charlotte Pearson, Lukas Wacker et al.•Radiocarbon•2020

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• High-Precision Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale, 500–2500 bc

  Open Access•Gordon W Pearson, Minze Stuiver•Radiocarbon•1986

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• Radiocarbon Age Calibration Back to 13,300 Years BP and the 14 C Age Matching of the German Oak and US Bristlecone Pine Chronologies

  Open Access•Minze Stuiver, Bernd Kromer et al.•Radiocarbon•1986

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• Wiggle-Match Dating of Tree-Ring Sequences

  Open Access•Mariagrazia Galimberti, Christopher B Ramsey et al.•Radiocarbon•2004

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• Radiocarbon Calibration and Analysis of Stratigraphy

  Open Access•Christopher B Ramsey•Radiocarbon•1995

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• Findings from an in-Depth Annual Tree-Ring Radiocarbon Intercomparison

  Open Access•Lukas Wacker, Marian Scott et al.•Radiocarbon•2020

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• Informing Conservation

  Open Access•A Bayliss, P Marshall et al.•Radiocarbon•2017

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• High-Precision Radiocarbon Age Calibration for Terrestrial and Marine Samples

  Open Access•Minze Stuiver, Paula J Reimer et al.•Radiocarbon•1998

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• Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates

  Open Access•Christopher B Ramsey•Radiocarbon•2009

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• Seasonal variations in the 14 C Content of Tree Rings

  Open Access•Liam Mcdonald, David Chivall et al.•Radiocarbon•2019

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• Micadas

  Open Access•L Wacker, G Bonani et al.•Radiocarbon•2010

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• Wiggle-Matching Using Known-Age Pine from Jermyn Street, London

  Open Access•Cathy Tyers, Jane Sidell et al.•Radiocarbon•2009

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• C Calibration in the 2nd and 1st Millennia BC—Eastern Mediterranean Radiocarbon Comparison Project (EMRCP)

  Open Access•Bernd Kromer, W Manning et al.•Radiocarbon•2010

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• Extended 14 C Data Base and Revised Calib 3.0 14 C Age Calibration Program

  Open Access•Minze Stuiver, Paula J Reimer•Radiocarbon•1993

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• A New Annual 14 C Dataset for Calibrating the Thera Eruption

  Open Access•Ronny Friedrich, Bernd Kromer et al.•Radiocarbon•2020

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• An Independent Assessment of Uncertainty for Radiocarbon Analysis With the New Generation High-Yield Accelerator Mass Spectrometers

  Open Access•A T Aerts-Bijma, D Paul et al.•Radiocarbon•2021

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• The IntCal20 Approach to Radiocarbon Calibration Curve Construction

  Open Access•Timothy J Heaton, Martijn Blaauw et al.•Radiocarbon•2020

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• Alternative Methods for Cellulose Preparation for AMS Measurement

  Open Access•Mojmír Němec, Lukas Wacker et al.•Radiocarbon•2010

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• Late Glacial 14 C Ages from a Floating, 1382-Ring Pine Chronology

  Open Access•Bernd Kromer, Michael Friedrich et al.•Radiocarbon•2004

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• The 12,460-Year Hohenheim Oak and Pine Tree-Ring Chronology from Central Europe—A Unique Annual Record for Radiocarbon Calibration and Paleoenvironment Reconstructions

  Open Access•Michael Friedrich, Sabine Remmele et al.•Radiocarbon•2004

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• Decadally Resolved Lateglacial Radiocarbon Evidence from New Zealand Kauri

  Open Access•Angela Hogg, John Southon et al.•Radiocarbon•2016

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• Quality Dating

  Open Access•Adam Sookdeo, Bernd Kromer et al.•Radiocarbon•2020

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• Discussion Reporting of 14 C Data

  Open Access•Minze Stuiver, Henry A Polach•Radiocarbon•1977

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• Learning from the Wood Samples in ICS, Tiri, Firi, Viri, and Siri

  Open Access•Marian Scott, G T Cook et al.•Radiocarbon•2019

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• Illuminating Intcal During the Younger Dryas

  Open Access•Frederick Reinig, Adam Sookdeo et al.•Radiocarbon•2020

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• Dendrochronology—The Absolute Irish Standard

  Open Access•D M Brown, M A R Munro et al.•Radiocarbon•1986

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• The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP)

  Open Access•Paula J Reimer, William E N Austin et al.•Radiocarbon•2020

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• Procedures for Comparing and Combining Radiocarbon Age Determinations

  Open Access•G K Ward, Graeme Ward et al.•Archaeometry•1978

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• A Vinča potscape

  Open Access•A Whittle, Alex Bayli et al.•Documenta Praehistorica•2016

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• Between the Vinča and Linearbandkeramik Worlds

  Open Access•János Jakucs, Eszter Bánffy et al.•Journal of World Prehistory•2016

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• Talking About My Generation

  Open Access•Alex Bayli, A Whittle et al.•Cambridge Archaeological Journal•2007

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• Serious Mortality

  Open Access•Michael Wysocki, Alex Bayli et al.•Cambridge Archaeological Journal•2007

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• Once in a Lifetime

  Open Access•A Whittle, Alex Bayli et al.•Cambridge Archaeological Journal•2007

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• A Short Passage of Time

  Open Access•John Meadows, Alistair Barclay et al.•Cambridge Archaeological Journal•2007

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• One Thing After Another

  Open Access•Alex Bayli, Don Benson et al.•Cambridge Archaeological Journal•2007

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• INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP

  Open Access•Minze Stuiver, Paula J Reimer et al.•Radiocarbon•1998

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• Quality in Bayesian chronological models in archaeology

  Open Access•Alex Bayli•World Archaeology•2015

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• Rows with the neighbours

  Open Access•János Jakucs, Krisztian Oro et al.•Antiquity•2018

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• Radiocarbon dating

  Open Access•Patrick Ashmore, P J Ashmore•Antiquity•1999

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• How to cope with calibration

  Open Access•Gordon W Pearson•Antiquity•1987

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