Monsters of Military Might

Elephants in Hellenistic History and Art

Bibliographic Data

ID9338109
AuthorsBranko F Van Oppen De Ruiter (0000-0002-5828-8364, University of Groningen, corresponding author)
Year2019
Volume8
Issue4
Pages160-160
Publication date2019-12-04
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueArts (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2076-0752 • E-ISSN: 2076-0752
PublisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (PUBLISHER • CH)
DOI10.3390/arts8040160
OpenAlexW2992131975
LanguageEN
Citations received3
References cited70

Elephants were first deployed in warfare by Indian and Persian armies. The Greco-Macedonian troops first encountered these fearsome creatures in battle during the campaign of Alexander the Great. Subsequently, the Successors and later Hellenistic rulers similarly used elephants in battle. From this time, the animal began to appear in Greco-Roman art. Tracing the appearance of the elephant in Hellenistic history and art, I suggest that the elephant not only continued to be associated with its Asian and African origins and came to symbolize military triumph over exotic foes, it retained religious and mythic proportions as a fearsome, fabulous monster connected with the martichora and unicorn, griffon and sphinx, dragon and hippocampus. In particular, I re-examined the posthumous portrait of Alexander the Great in which he wears an elephant scalp as a headdress, similar to Heracles’ lion scalp. This deified portraiture not only depicts Alexander as descendant of Heracles and Dionysus, both sons of Zeus, but also—through connections with Ammon and Indra—as the legitimate ruler of the three continents of the known world, Europe, Africa, and Asia

Ancient history · Archaeology · Art · Art history · Battle · Iconography · Monster · Sphinx · Unicorn · Ancient Near East History · Classical Antiquity Studies · Historical, Religious, and Philosophical Studies · History

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