Public Utilities

The public utilities furnish numerous and outstanding examples of government regulation and later government control if we follow the distinction between these which Professor Gras has indicated. Aside from water, the oldest of our utilities are those furnishing artificial gas, beginning in Baltimore in 1816. The early franchises or charters granted to these utilities represent, according to Professor Gras' definition, extreme forms of government regulation, because these franchises or charters actually fixed rates and prescribed the character of service to be rendered for very long periods of time, say for fifty years or double that length of time. In the case of our earliest railroad charters, granted beginning about the middle 1820's, the power to make rates was often granted to the Boards of Directors of the companies. Some States, while permitting the rates to be made by the railroads themselves, did make reservation of such power to the State if need arose for exercising it

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