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Children Strategically Decide What to Practice

Bibliographic Data

ID9646233
AuthorsDaniil Serko (0000-0003-2101-5618, Technical University of Munich , Munich, corresponding author), Julia A Leonard (0000-0001-8099-2721, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut ,), Azzurra Ruggeri (0000-0002-0839-1929, Technical University of Munich , Munich)
Year2025
Volume96
Issue5
Pages1619-1631
Publication date2025-09-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueChild Development (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0009-3920 • E-ISSN: 1467-8624
PublisherOxford University Press (OUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1111/cdev.14268
PMID40448508
OpenAlexW4410921978
LanguageEN
Citations received1
References cited52

Adjusting practice to different goals and characteristics is key to learning, but its development remains unclear. Across 2 preregistered experiments, 190 4-to-8-year-olds (106 female; mostly White; data collection: December 2021–September 2022) and 31 adults played an easy and a difficult game, then chose one to practice before a test on either the easy, difficult, or a randomly chosen game. All children adjusted their active practice choices to condition. When the test game was known, they practiced that game. However, when the test game was randomly chosen, only children 6+ and adults practiced the difficult game, while younger children only showed a trending effect. This suggests that the ability to prepare for uncertainty may develop between ages 4 and 6

Cognitive psychology · Developmental psychology · Game play · Multimedia · Test (biology) · Applied Psychology · Child and Animal Learning Development · Computer Science · Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods · Neuroscience, Education and Cognitive Function · Psychology · Social Psychology

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Unique citing works1
Citations per year1
Citation span2026 - 2026 (1)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 1

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