Dimensiones del conflicto

Towns and cities, great centres of population, were, as much as rural areas, but in their own distinctive ways, potential and actual centres of disorder in the early modern era and thus a challenge to local and central authorities and elites. Spain and the wider Spanish world was by no means exempt, witness the Comuneros revolt of 1520–21 (described with some exaggeration as ‘the first modern revolution’), the Neapolitan revolt of 1647, revolt in Mexico city in 1692, the Oropesa riots in Madrid in 1699, disorders across Spain in 1765–6 and, last but by no means least, the upheavals of 1808. At the same time, there was a great deal of potential for disorder which was not always realised or was contained before fully exploding, as for example the relative quiescence of the Castilian towns in around 1640, at a time when Catalonia (Barcelona), Portugal and other parts of the

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