Age-related changes in children's use of external representations
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 9786436 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Philip David Zelazo (0000-0001-6017-2988, University of Toronto, corresponding author), Jessica A Sommerville (0000-0001-8290-254X, University of Toronto), Shana Nichols (0000-0002-9323-357X, University of Toronto), Sharon Nichols (0000-0002-2838-8268) |
| Year | 1999 |
| Volume | 35 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 1059-1071 |
| Publication date | 1999-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Developmental Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0012-1649 • E-ISSN: 1939-0599 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037//0012-1649.35.4.1059 |
| PMID | 10442874 |
| OpenAlex | W4245598647 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 7 |
| References cited | 6 |
This study explored children's use of external representations. Experiment 1 focused on representations of self: Self-recognition was assessed by a mark test as a function of age (3 vs. 4 years), delay (5 s vs. 3 min), and media (photographs vs. drawings). Four-year-olds outperformed 3-year-olds; children performed better with photographs than drawings; and there was no effect of delay. In Experiment 2, 3- and 4-year-olds used a delayed video image to locate a sticker on themselves (self task) or a stuffed animal (other task). The 2 tasks were positively correlated with age and vocabulary partialed out. Experiment 3 used a search task to assess whether children have particular difficulty using external representations that conflict with their expectations: 3- and 4-year-olds were informed of an object's location verbally or through video: on half of the trials, this information conflicted with children's initial belief. Three-year-olds performed worse than 4-year-olds on conflict trials, indicating that assessments of self and other understanding may reflect children's ability to reason about conflicting external representations
Child development · Cognition · Cognitive development · Cognitive psychology · Developmental psychology · Object (grammar · Task (project management · Test (biology · Vocabulary · Child and Animal Learning Development · Face Recognition and Perception · Memory Processes and Influences · Psychology · Social Psychology · Spatial Cognition and Navigation
Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning
Cognitive Complexity and Attentional Control in the Bilingual Mind
Three‐year‐olds' difficulty with false belief
Mirror self‐image reactions before age two
Children's belief in photographic fidelity
Young children's understanding of briefly versus extremely delayed images of the self
| Unique citing works | 6 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 0,28 |
| Citation span | 2001 - 2010 (10) |
| Citation velocity | historical |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 7 |