The Influence of Schopenhauer on Wagner’s Concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 9855792 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Jack M Stein (Columbia University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 1947 |
| Volume | 22 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 92-105 |
| Publication date | 1947-04-01 |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | The Germanic Review Literature Culture Theory (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0016-8890 • E-ISSN: 1930-6962 |
| Publisher | Informa UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1080/19306962.1947.11786305 |
| OpenAlex | W2563264083 |
| Language | EN |
NotesCf. Hebbel’s Moloch..The chronology of the evolution of the four Ring dramas is very complex. It begins with the poem, Siegfrieds Tod, written in 1848. After this beginning, Wagner’s work on the Nibelungen legend was interrupted for over two years, during which the two major essays, Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft (1850) and Oper und Drama (1851), appeared. On resuming the Nibelungen material, Wagner felt the need to expand the project, and wrote a new poem, Der junge Siegfried (now Siegfried), in 1851. Yet further expansion resulted in Die Walküre (July, 1852), and Das Rheingold (November, 1852) after which Siegfrieds Tod was completely revised with the new title of Götterdämmerung (December, 1852). For details, see Richard Wagners Skizzen und Entwürfe zur Ring-Dichtung, edited by Otto Ströbel, Munich, 1930. All the poems were ready before any music was begun. The poems were set to music in their normal sequence.To quote one example from among many:“Ich gestehe, daß ich mit meinen eigenen Lebenserfahrungen gerade soweit gekommen war, daß nur noch Schopenhauers Philosophie mir gänzlich angemessen und bestimmend werden konnte. Dadurch, daß ich rückhaltlos seine sehr, sehr ernsten Wahrheiten aufnehmen konnte, habe ich meinem innersten Drange am entschiedensten Genüge geleistet, und wiewohl er mir eine, von meiner früheren ziemlich abweichende Richtung gegeben hat, entsprach doch diese Wendung einzig meinem tiefleidenden Gefühle vom Wesen der Welt.” Richard Wagners Briefe in Originalausgaben, Zweite Folge, Vol. XI, Richard Wagner an August Röckel (Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1912), p. 52, letter of Feb. 5, 1855. Cf. also letters to Liszt and Mathilde Wesendonk, the essay Beethoven, and Act Two of Tristan und Isolde..Richard Wagners Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen, 3rd ed. (Leipzig: E. W. Fritsch, 1897–8), IV, 1–4. See also ibid., III, 67. Pagination is uniform in all editions except the first.Ibid., IV, 78.Wagner never learned the gentle art of outlining. Furthermore, Part Three of Oper und Drama had to be sent to the printer without the revisions Wagner himself admitted to be necessary. Consequently, his discussions tend to skip around in an elusive kind of way. The author of this article regrets that he will have to make frequent use of that annoying designation, et passim, in the following footnotes. The summary here given is drawn from Richard Wagners Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen, IV, 117–204.Ibid., IV, 129 et passim..Ibid., IV, 118 et passim..Ibid., IV, 117 et passim..Ibid., IV, 121 et passim..In a measure with four beats, ordinarily the first is the strongest, the third has a secondary accent, the second is unaccented, and the fourth is the weakest of all. Other types of measure have different combinations of accents.Wagner is here referring to the tonic, supertonic, mediant, etc. (the do, re, mi relationships), which possess definite gradations of importance in their relation as steps of the scale.Wagner describes most minutely the procedure for constructing this Versmelodie. He gives the following as an example (ibid., IV, 125):Nehmen wir einen Ausdruck an, der von der Beschaffenheit ist, daß er einem Atem die Betonung von drei Akzenten gestattet, von denen der erste der stärkste, der zweite (wie meist immer in diesem Falle anzunehmen ist), der schwächere, der dritte dagegen wieder ein gehobener sein soll, so würde der Dichter unwillkürlich eine Phrase von zwei geraden Takten anordnen, von denen der erste auf seiner schlechten Hälfte den schwächeren, der zweite Takt auf seinem Niederschlage aber den dritten, wiederum gehobenen Akzent enthalten würde. Die schlechte Hälfte des zweiten Taktes würde zum Atemholen und zum Auftakte des ersten Taktes der zweiten rhythmischen Phrase verwendet werden, welche eine entsprechende Wiederholung der ersten enthalten müßte. In dieser Phrase würden die Senkungen sich so verhalten, daß sie als Auftakt zu dem Niederschlage des ersten Taktes hinaufstiegen, als Nachtakt von diesem zu der schlechten Takthälfte hinabfielen, und von dieser als Auftakt zu der guten Hälfte des zweiten Taktes wieder hinaufstiegen. Die durch den Sinn der Phrase etwa geforderte Verstärkung auch des zweiten Akzentes würde (außer durch die melodische Hebung des Tones) rhythmisch leicht auch dadurch zu ermöglichen sein, daß entweder die Senkung zwischen ihm und dem ersten Akzente, oder auch der Auftakt zu dem dritten gänzlich ausfiele, was gerade diesem Zwischenakzente eine gesteigerte Aufmerksamkeit zuziehen müßte.Ibid., IV, 135 et passim, especially p. 140.Ibid., IV, 147 et passim, especially pp. 151–154. Here appears the only concrete illustration used in the entire essay. Wagner constructs the poetic lines:Die Liebe bringt Lust und Leid,Doch in ihr Weh auch webt sie Wonnen.On the word “Leid,” he explains, the music would modulate into a contrasting but related key, and remain in that key until the end of the second line, where a transitional modulation back to the original key would take place on the word, “webt,” thus linking “Wonnen” with “Lust” as parallel, and “Leid” with “Weh,” also as parallel, while “Lust” and “Leid,” as well as “Weh” and “Wonnen,” would be linked as contrasting. This principle can be extended far beyond two lines. By application of the other principles above described, entire lines of poetry, whether consonantally alliterated or not, can be related to one another by the force of repetition of the melodic contour. There are some amazing examples of this technique in the Wagnerian drama.Ibid., IV, 155 et passim, especially pp. 167–168.The tenn “leitmotiv” was not used by Wagner. It was coined later by Hans von Wolzogen, who wrote the first guides to the music dramas; it has since come into general use. “Leitmotiv” is a much vaguer, more general term than the very specific Erinnerungsmotiv of Oper und Drama, here discussed.Ibid., IV, 173 et passim, especially pp. 181–185 and pp. 199–201.Ibid., IV, 174–180.Ibid., IV, 190.Ibid., IV, 162.Ibid., III, 60. This statement occurs in the essay Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft, written immediately before Oper und Drama..Arthur Schopenhauers sämtliche Werke, in six volumes, edited by Eduard Grisebach (Leipzig: Reklam, n.d.), 1, 233–240.Ibid., I, 337–340.Ibid., I, 340.Ibid..Cf. footnote 22, above.Richard Wagners Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen, IX, 103–4.Richard Wagners Briefe in Originalausgaben, Erste Folge, Vol. V, Richard Wagner an Mathilde Wesendonk (Leipzig: E. W. Fritsch, 1912), p. 81, letter of December 8, 1858.Arthur Schopenhauers Sämtliche Werke, IV, 272.Ibid., IV, 289–290.Richard Wagners Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen, IX, 72–77.Arthur Schapenhauers Sämtliche Werke, IV, 309–311.Richard Wagners Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen, IX, 108.Ibid., IX, 75.Ibid., IX, 109–111.Ibid., IX, 306, Über die Benennung “Musikdrama,” 1872.Ibid., IX, 111–112.Ibid., IX, 305.Dividing the three bar motif into two sections Albert Lavignac in Le Voyage Artistique à Bayreuth (Paris, 1900, 4th ed.) labels A, “L’ Aveu,” and B, “Désir.” Similarly, Gustave Kobbé, in Wagner’s Music Dramas Analyzed With the Leading Motives (New York, 1904), calls A, “Tristan,” and B, “Isolde,” and the combined pairs as a unit, “Love Potion.” Maurice Kufferath, in Guide Thématique et Analyse de Tristan et Iseult (Paris, 1894), designates A, “La Souffrance de Tristan,” B, “Désir,” and the combined motif “Désir ou Philtre.” Edward M. Terry, in A Richard Wagner Dictionary (New York, 1939), calls the entire motif “Love,” and does not subdivide it. Ernest Newman, in Stories of the Great Operas, Vol. I, Richard Wagner (New York, 1928), calls A, “Grief or Sorrow,” and B, “Isolde’s Magie,” adding the interesting explanation (p. 100), “A will be referred to in the following analysis as the Grief or Sorrow motive, though it must be understood that its expression is too complex tobe tied down to one descriptive word: it has in it something of pain, something of resignation, something of hopelessness, and much more.”.Cf. the love music of Die Walküre, Act One, as contrasted with that of Siegfried, Act Three, or Trutan und Isolde, Act Two. There is no simultaneous singing at all in the Walküre scene, while in both the others there is a good deal of duet singing.Cf. footnote 37, above.Richard Wagners Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen, IX, 107.Cf. footnote 39, above . The foregoing article is a revision and condensation of a section from a larger work of book length, now in progress, which will trace the evolution of the Gesamtkunstwerk throughout Wagner’s entire career, both in theory and in practice. It will include a detailed analysis of each opera and music drama from the point of view of Wagner’s changing concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk
Art · Art history · Drama · Humanities · Legend · Literature · Poetry · German Literature and Culture Studies · Kantian Philosophy and Modern Interpretations · Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, and Hegel · Philosophy
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