Clare Wenham
Biographic Data
| ID | 1019550 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Clare Wenham |
| GIVEN NAMES | Clare |
| FAMILY NAME | Wenham |
| SIGNATURE | WENHAM C |
| AFFILIATIONS | London School of Economics and Political Science |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5378-3203 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 57 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 83 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 54 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 3 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2014 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Feminism and Covid-19
How dominant patriarchal structures permeated the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic—and women’s multiple and varied experiences of and resistance to these structures. Feminism and COVID-19 explores different but common themes related to women’s experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Julia Smith and Clare Wenham bring together a unique multicentered, multidisciplinary, and transnational author team, covering nine case studies from Bangladesh…
Trade-Offs in the International Legal Regime
COVID-19 starkly exposed the systemic frailties of global health governance, particularly concerning the functioning and utility of the International Health Regulations (IHR). Multiple independent reviews declared that the existing framework was designed to constrain rapid global action, and recommended concrete transformational reforms for the global health legal regime. 1 Most notably they recommended the negotiation of a new instrument to gove…
Decision-making under epistemic, strategic and institutional uncertainty during Covid-19
BACKGROUND: Uncertainty is defined as limited knowledge or lack of predictability about past, present or future events. The COVID-19 pandemic management was significantly impacted by uncertainty, as the gaps between existing information and the necessary knowledge hindered decision-making. Current uncertainty literature primarily focuses on natural disasters, leaving a gap in understanding decision-making under uncertainty in times of public heal…
One Health for all
The One Health concept emphasizes the interdependence of human, animal and environmental health. While the term “One Health” has only gained traction in this century, the idea itself is much older. For instance, many Indigenous Peoples and local communities have traditional cosmologies that recognize the interconnectedness of the ecosystem and the role of humans within it [1, 2]. It is the industrialized-focused worldview that has only recently c…
Normative convergence between global health security and universal health coverage
BACKGROUND: The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO Thirteenth General Programme of Work underscored the importance of mitigating health emergencies while ensuring accessible and affordable health services. Central to these efforts are global health security (GHS) and universal health coverage (UHC), which act both as standalone goals and as cross-cutting approaches to health policy and practice. While GHS and UHC each operate as dist…
Analysing the engagement with pandemic preparedness, prevention and response in selected English language political manifestoes in 2024
Despite the devastating impact of COVID-19 and repeated calls for political commitment to health security, our analysis of 43 manifestos from 16 countries and the European Parliamentary elections revealed that only four parties made specific policy pledges on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, with six providing brief mentions. The vast majority (33 parties) did not mention pandemic prevention, preparedness and response. When referen…
Managing the politics of health data during Covid-19
This article investigates the political dynamics of health statistics during COVID-19, a period marked by intensified reliance on quantitative data. It examines how institutional configurations shaped the governance and politics of pandemic data. Using the concept of ‘statistical systems’, the article presents a comparative typology of formal structures and informal norms for official data production and dissemination, and tests how these influen…
An opportunity for gender transformation? UN Women’s policy response to Covid-19
Pandemics disproportionately affect women due to their dominant roles in healthcare, caregiving, and industries vulnerable to public health policies. Women face higher infection risks, greater unpaid care burdens, and job losses during crises. Violence against women and disrupted access to healthcare, including sexual and reproductive services, also increase. Despite clear evidence of these effects, global pandemic responses have historically bee…
Partial recognition without redistribution
The COVID-19 pandemic elevated care work as it was applauded on doorsteps and deemed ‘essential’ by governments. Yet this rhetorical visibility stood in stark contrast to its persistent structural invisibility. In the UK, women disproportionately shouldered the burden of social reproduction as healthcare workers, childcare providers, and unpaid carers, all while facing heightened job insecurity, domestic violence, and mental health strain. These …
Shifting official development assistance during Covid-19
CONTEXT: In contrast to bilateral aid, aid disbursed from multilateral institutions increased significantly at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, at a time when a coherent and effective multilateral response is needed most, the COVID-19 pandemic revealed a shifting landscape of donor agencies that struggle with basic functions, such as cross-national coordination. While multilaterals are uniquely positioned to transcend national priorities …
Technology transfer, intellectual property, and the fight for the soul of WHO
Debates over the scope, terms, and governance of technology transfer–the sharing of essential technical information, know-how, and materials needed to manufacture a health product–are prominent and controversial in international health diplomacy. These debates have become focal points in recent contentious negotiations to amend the International Health Regulations (IHR) and draft a global Pandemic Agreement. While some countries advocate for auto…
The complexities of global health negotiations
Mpox
Costing the intergovernmental negotiating body (INB) process
The Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB) was established to draft and negotiate a pandemic instrument to strengthen pandemic preparedness and response (PPR). This has been carried out under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO), and has to date involved 15 sessions in Geneva, plus countless hours both in informal working groups, and in capitals working on government positions on each substantive issue. This all comes at a cost, …
(Re)constructing global health security and universal health coverage
To effectively tackle public health challenges, policy-makers increasingly advocate for aligning global health security (GHS) and universal health coverage (UHC), two influential norms driving international health cooperation. However, despite operating within overlapping spheres of governance, the normative histories linking GHS and UHC remain relatively unexplored in the literature. This article examines how GHS and UHC have been (re)constructe…
SDG5 “Gender Equality” and the Covid-19 pandemic
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted healthcare and societies, exacerbating existing inequalities for women and girls across every sphere. Our study explores health system responses to gender equality goals during the COVID-19 pandemic and inclusion in future policies. Methods: We apply a qualitative comparative approach, drawing on secondary sources and expert information; the data was collected from March-July 2022. Australia, Brazil, …
Creating more and more new institutions may not make the world safer from pandemics
In the three years since the emergence of COVID-19, we have witnessed the explosion of reviews to assess what went wrong with the response, and mechanisms to readdress such failures have been established. At the level of global governance, all the usual actors are involved: The World Health Organization has begun the IHR Amendment Process [1] and the development of a Pandemic Accord (CA+) [2]. The World Bank created a Pandemic Fund [3], and the U…
A Social Cure for Covid-19
The Bangladesh government issued a lockdown throughout the country from March–May 2020 in response to the COVID-19. The sudden lockdown caused economic ruptures across the country due to job loss. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the outbreak through 40 in-depth interviews with men and women living in three Dhaka informal settlements from January to November 2021 to identify gaps to mitigate negative downstream effects of global pandemic …
Domestic Burdens Amid Covid-19 and Women’s Mental Health in Middle-Income Africa
This article analyzes two longitudinal datasets (October – December 2020; April 2021) of 1,000 and 900 women in Kenya and Nigeria, respectively, alongside in-depth qualitative interviews with women at risk of changes to time use, to study two pandemic issues: women’s substitution of paid for unpaid work and how these shifts compromise their mental health. Women devote more time to domestic care (30–38 percent), less time to employment (29–46 perc…
From Imperialism to the “Golden Age” to the Great Lockdown
This article reviews the state of the literature on the politics of global health governance and associated political dynamics of actors involved in this issue space. We identify seven eras in the field, beginning with the period of empire and colonialism and ending with the COVID-19 outbreak. The field of global health has long had a focus on infectious disease, often rooted within a state-centered approach to transnational global health problem…
The gendered dimensions of the anti-mask and anti-lockdown movement on social media
This paper examines the anti-mask and anti-lockdown online movement in connection to the COVID-19 pandemic. To combat the spread of the coronavirus, health officials around the world urged and/or mandated citizens to wear facemasks and adopt physical distancing measures. These health policies and guidelines have become highly politicized in some parts of the world, often discussed in association with freedom of choice and independence. We downloa…
WuhanDiary and #WuhanLockdown
Social media can be both a source of information and misinformation during health emergencies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, social media became a ubiquitous tool for people to communicate and represents a rich source of data researchers can use to analyse users’ experiences, knowledge and sentiments. Research on social media posts during COVID-19 has identified, to date, the perpetuity of traditional gendered norms and experiences. Yet these stu…
Mapping regional cooperation of state actors for health research systems in Africa
Regional bodies can potentially play an important role in improving health research in Africa. This study analyses the network of African state-based regional organisations for health research and assesses their potential relationship with national health research performance metrics. After cataloguing organisations and their membership, we conducted a social network analysis to determine key network attributes of national governments’ connection…
A gendered content analysis of the World Health Organization’s Covid-19 guidance and policies
As with previous global public health emergencies, the COVID-19 pandemic has had distinct and disproportionate impacts on women and their health and livelihoods. As the leader in global public health, it is incumbent upon the World Health Organization (WHO) to ensure gender is prioritized in pandemic response. We conducted a policy analysis of 338 WHO COVID-19 documents and found that only 20% explicitly discuss gender and over half do not mentio…
Using gender analysis matrixes to integrate a gender lens into infectious diseases outbreaks research
Evidence shows that infectious disease outbreaks are not gender-neutral, meaning that women, men and gender minorities are differentially affected. This evidence affirms the need to better incorporate a gender lens into infectious disease outbreaks. Despite this evidence, there has been a historic neglect of gender-based analysis in health, including during health crises. Recognizing the lack of available evidence on gender and pandemics in early…
Securitizing Zika
Brazil’s Zika virus crisis (2015–17), following hot on the heels of the Ebola outbreak (2014–15), dominated newsfeeds and high-level discussions amid governments, the UN system and beyond, with emerging fears relating to Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS), embodied by microcephaly. However, beyond the ensuing panic in Latin America facing a generation of Zika babies, the outbreak demonstrates key developments in our understanding of the interaction b…
The oversecuritization of global health
Linking health and security has become a mainstream approach to health policy issues over the past two decades. So much so that the discourse of global health security has become close to synonymous with global health, their meanings being considered almost interchangeable. While the debates surrounding the health-security nexus vary in levels of analysis from the global to the national to the individual, this article argues that the consideratio…
Why the Covid-19 response needs International Relations
The COVID-19 pandemic affects all countries, but how governments respond is dictated by politics. Amid this, the World Health Organization (WHO) has tried to coordinate advice to states and offer ongoing management of the outbreak. Given the political drivers of COVID-19, we argue this is an important moment to advance International Relations knowledge as a necessary and distinctive method for inclusion in the WHO repertoire of knowledge inputs f…
From Imperialism to the “Golden Age” to the Great Lockdown
This article reviews the state of the literature on the politics of global health governance and associated political dynamics of actors involved in this issue space. We identify seven eras in the field, beginning with the period of empire and colonialism and ending with the COVID-19 outbreak. The field of global health has long had a focus on infectious disease, often rooted within a state-centered approach to transnational global health problem…
We also deserve help during the pandemic”
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses particular challenges for migrant workers around the world. This study explores the unique experiences of foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in Hong Kong, and how COVID-19 impacted their health and economic wellbeing. Interviews with FDWs ( n = 15) and key informants ( n = 3) were conducted between May and August 2020. FDWs reported a dual-country experience of the pandemic, where they expressed…
Do Men and Women “Lockdown” Differently? Examining Panama’s Covid-19 Sex-Segregated Social Distancing Policy
State-enforced curtailment of mobility – through social distancing and national or subnational lockdowns – has become a key tool to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Panama instituted a sex-segregated mobility policy to limit people’s circulation whereby women were allowed to leave the home for essential services on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday; and men on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. Through a retrospective analysis of Global Positioning System…
Governing Ebola
Medical humanitarianism and global health are two distinct but co-dependent spheres of global health security. Their actors differ in their units of analysis, understanding of neutrality, and organizational capacities. While health underpins the normative principles of humanitarian action, humanitarian ideas, and notably medical humanitarian organizations, are absent from global health security planning. This article develops the work of Lakoff […
I Was Facilitating Everybody Else’s Life. And Mine Had Just Ground to a Halt”
A growing body of research has highlighted the disproportionately negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women globally. This article contributes to this work by interrogating the lived realities of sixty-four women in the United Kingdom through semi-structured in-depth interviews, undertaken during the first and second periods of lockdown associated with COVID-19 in 2020. Categorizing the data by subgroup of women and then by theme, this ar…
The futility of the pandemic treaty
In November 2021, the World Health Assembly (WHA) is hosting a special session to discuss the proposed plans for a pandemic treaty. Despite the fact that there are scant details concerning the treaty, the proposal has gained considerable support in both the academic community, and at the international level. While we agree that in the wake of the numerous governance failures during COVID-19, we need to develop appropriate global solutions to be a…
Reconceptualizing successful pandemic preparedness and response
Pandemic preparedness and COVID-19 response indicators focus on public health outcomes (such as infections, case fatalities, and vaccination rates), health system capacity, and/or the effects of the pandemic on the economy, yet this avoids more political questions regarding how responses were mobilized. Pandemic preparedness country rankings have been called into question due to their inability to predict COVID-19 response and outcomes, and COVID…
WHO runs the world – (not) girls
During health emergencies, neglect of gender experiences and needs can compromise the outbreak response. Ebola in West Africa and Zika in Latin America had gendered effects that were evident during the crises, yet governments and international organizations failed to prioritize a gender-inclusive response. There is the same risk that gender-inclusive responses and knowledge will continue to be neglected during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this artic…
Analysing the intersection between health emergencies and abortion during Zika in Brazil, El Salvador and Colombia
(Re)constructing global health security and universal health coverage
To effectively tackle public health challenges, policy-makers increasingly advocate for aligning global health security (GHS) and universal health coverage (UHC), two influential norms driving international health cooperation. However, despite operating within overlapping spheres of governance, the normative histories linking GHS and UHC remain relatively unexplored in the literature. This article examines how GHS and UHC have been (re)constructe…
Domestic Burdens Amid Covid-19 and Women’s Mental Health in Middle-Income Africa
This article analyzes two longitudinal datasets (October – December 2020; April 2021) of 1,000 and 900 women in Kenya and Nigeria, respectively, alongside in-depth qualitative interviews with women at risk of changes to time use, to study two pandemic issues: women’s substitution of paid for unpaid work and how these shifts compromise their mental health. Women devote more time to domestic care (30–38 percent), less time to employment (29–46 perc…
Governing Global Antimicrobial Resistance
The global health crisis
Wealthy nations and pharmaceutical corporations pursue self-interested policies to maintain their wealth, at the cost of the health of poor populations elsewhere in the world. Such testimonial is well trodden in global health and development studies, and yet, despite normative efforts to challenge this status quo, the predominant economic structure which perpetuates this system has continued. The global health crisis considers this disgrace throu…
Ebola respons-ibility
Combating threats of infectious diseases has been increasingly framed as a global shared responsibility for a multi-actor framework of states, international organisations and nongovernmental actors. However, the outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) has shown that this governance framework has not been able to limit the spread of this virus, despite the normative and legislative changes to global disease control. By unbundling the concept of resp…
Epidemiology and the people’s health
Ebola respons-ibility
Combating threats of infectious diseases has been increasingly framed as a global shared responsibility for a multi-actor framework of states, international organisations and nongovernmental actors. However, the outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) has shown that this governance framework has not been able to limit the spread of this virus, despite the normative and legislative changes to global disease control. By unbundling the concept of resp…
The global health crisis
Wealthy nations and pharmaceutical corporations pursue self-interested policies to maintain their wealth, at the cost of the health of poor populations elsewhere in the world. Such testimonial is well trodden in global health and development studies, and yet, despite normative efforts to challenge this status quo, the predominant economic structure which perpetuates this system has continued. The global health crisis considers this disgrace throu…
Governing Ebola
Medical humanitarianism and global health are two distinct but co-dependent spheres of global health security. Their actors differ in their units of analysis, understanding of neutrality, and organizational capacities. While health underpins the normative principles of humanitarian action, humanitarian ideas, and notably medical humanitarian organizations, are absent from global health security planning. This article develops the work of Lakoff […
Regionalizing Health Security
Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs - Volume 40, Number 1, April 2018
Zika, abortion and health emergencies
BACKGROUND: The Zika outbreak provides pertinent case study for considering the impact of health emergencies on abortion decision-making and/or for positioning abortion in global health security debates. MAIN BODY: This paper provides a baseline of contemporary debates taking place in the intersection of two key health policy areas, and seeks to understand how health emergency preparedness frameworks and the broader global health security infrast…
Securitizing Zika
Brazil’s Zika virus crisis (2015–17), following hot on the heels of the Ebola outbreak (2014–15), dominated newsfeeds and high-level discussions amid governments, the UN system and beyond, with emerging fears relating to Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS), embodied by microcephaly. However, beyond the ensuing panic in Latin America facing a generation of Zika babies, the outbreak demonstrates key developments in our understanding of the interaction b…
The oversecuritization of global health
Linking health and security has become a mainstream approach to health policy issues over the past two decades. So much so that the discourse of global health security has become close to synonymous with global health, their meanings being considered almost interchangeable. While the debates surrounding the health-security nexus vary in levels of analysis from the global to the national to the individual, this article argues that the consideratio…
Women are most affected by pandemics — lessons from past outbreaks
The social and economic impacts of COVID-19 fall harder on women than on men. Governments need to gather data and target policy to keep all citizens equally safe, sheltered and secure.
Covid-19
Community health workers reveal Covid-19 disaster in Brazil
Cuba y seguridad sanitaria mundial
Cuba has been largely absent in academic and policy discourse on global health security, yet Cuba’s history of medical internationalism and its domestic health system have much to offer contemporary global health security debates. In this paper, we examine what we identify as key traits of Cuban health security, as they play out on both international and domestic fronts. We argue that Cuba demonstrates a strong health security capacity, both in t…
Why the Covid-19 response needs International Relations
The COVID-19 pandemic affects all countries, but how governments respond is dictated by politics. Amid this, the World Health Organization (WHO) has tried to coordinate advice to states and offer ongoing management of the outbreak. Given the political drivers of COVID-19, we argue this is an important moment to advance International Relations knowledge as a necessary and distinctive method for inclusion in the WHO repertoire of knowledge inputs f…
Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern
Addressing multiple empirical case studies, including COVID-19, this multidisciplinary book explores the relationship between international law and international relations to interrogate how a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) is declared and its role in how we collectively respond to outbreaks.
Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern
Amid a global health emergency, the process for Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) is at a crossroads. As a formal declaration by the World Health Organization, a PHEIC is governed by clear legislation as to what is, and what is not, deemed a global health security threat. However, it has become politicized and the legal criteria now appear to be secondary to the political motivation or outcome of the announcemen…
Beyond the metrics of health research performance in African countries
While it is important to be able to evaluate and measure a country’s performance in health research (HR), HR systems are complex and multifaceted in nature. As such, attempts at measurement can suffer several limitations which risk leading to inadequate indices or representations. In this study, we critically review common indicators of HR capacity and performance and explore their strengths and limitations. The paper is informed by review of dat…
Feminist Global Health Security
Feminist Global Health Security highlights the ways in which women are disadvantaged by global health security policy, through engagement with feminist concepts of visibility; social and stratified reproduction; intersectionality; and structural violence. The book argues that an approach focused on short-term response efforts to health emergencies fails to consider the differential impacts of outbreaks on women. This feminist critique focuses on …
Beyond a Zero-Sum Game
Epidemics and pandemics, like COVID-19, are not gender neutral. Much of the current work on gender, sex, and COVID-19, however, has seemed implicitly or explicitly to be attempting to demonstrate that either men or women have been hardest hit, treating differences between women and men as though it is not important to understand how each group is affected by the virus. This approach often leaves out the effect on gender and sexual minorities enti…
How do community health workers institutionalise
Community health workers (CHWs) are framed as the link between communities and the formal health system. CHWs must establish trusting relationships with the community and with the broader health service. How to find the optimal balance between the various strands of work for CHWs, and how to formalise this, has been the focus of different studies. We performed an extensive documentary analysis of federal legislation in Brazil to understand the in…
More than a public health crisis
Gender norms, roles and relations differentially affect women, men, and non-binary individuals' vulnerability to disease. Outbreak response measures also have immediate and long-term gendered effects. However, gender-based analysis of outbreaks and responses is limited by lack of data and little integration of feminist analysis within global health scholarship. Recognising these barriers, this paper applies a gender matrix methodology, grounded i…
We also deserve help during the pandemic”
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses particular challenges for migrant workers around the world. This study explores the unique experiences of foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in Hong Kong, and how COVID-19 impacted their health and economic wellbeing. Interviews with FDWs ( n = 15) and key informants ( n = 3) were conducted between May and August 2020. FDWs reported a dual-country experience of the pandemic, where they expressed…
WHO runs the world – (not) girls
During health emergencies, neglect of gender experiences and needs can compromise the outbreak response. Ebola in West Africa and Zika in Latin America had gendered effects that were evident during the crises, yet governments and international organizations failed to prioritize a gender-inclusive response. There is the same risk that gender-inclusive responses and knowledge will continue to be neglected during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this artic…
Do Men and Women “Lockdown” Differently? Examining Panama’s Covid-19 Sex-Segregated Social Distancing Policy
State-enforced curtailment of mobility – through social distancing and national or subnational lockdowns – has become a key tool to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Panama instituted a sex-segregated mobility policy to limit people’s circulation whereby women were allowed to leave the home for essential services on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday; and men on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. Through a retrospective analysis of Global Positioning System…
Gender and Race on the Frontline
Studies on the differential effects of health emergencies have largely overlooked women health workers. Whilst the literature has shown the impact of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) on women and on healthcare workers, little research has considered the gendered effects of the health workforce. This article analyses the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers and working conditions in Brazil's public healthcare system, through consideration of …
Analysing the intersection between health emergencies and abortion during Zika in Brazil, El Salvador and Colombia
Political science (44 works) · Medicine (43 works) · Economics (28 works) · Public health (25 works) · Economic growth (24 works) · Law (24 works) · Pandemic (24 works) · Sociology (24 works) · Nursing (17 works) · Politics (17 works)