Paschal Sheeran
Biographic Data
| ID | 1359640 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Paschal Sheeran |
| GIVEN NAMES | Paschal |
| FAMILY NAME | Sheeran |
| SIGNATURE | SHEERAN P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Sheffield |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7449-4590 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 82 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 494 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 82 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1990 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Menthol flavour enhancer use and willingness to buy under a menthol cigarette ban
Interest in menthol enhancers was high among people who smoke menthol cigarettes, which could undermine the intended public health benefits of menthol cigarette bans. Policies to address menthol flavour enhancers, combined with surveillance and cessation support, may be important to the success of menthol bans
Health Behaviors Are Moralized When Perceived to Cause Harm
People readily moralize health, whether by criticizing smokers or treating exercise as noble. Drawing from the theory of dyadic morality, we theorized that people moralize health most strongly when they perceive poor health as a source of suffering. Through five studies (total N = 2,055), we show that perceived harm can drive the moralization of health. We identified three types of harm—personal, interpersonal, and collective—that people perceive…
Better health and less stress
This elicitation study identified beliefs that can begin to inform the development of media campaigns focused increasing LCC cessation among YAs to promote health equity. Further research will examine the relationship between identified LCC beliefs and quitting intentions. This study provides insights into the beliefs and motivations about quitting among YAs who use LCCs, especially Black YAs. The identification of salient behavioral, normative, …
Open science? Responsiveness to requests for data in a review of smoking cessation interventions
OBJECTIVE: Little research has examined rates or correlates of adherence to Open Science practices such as data sharing. We investigated how often researchers share data for inclusion in a meta-analysis and their reasons for not sharing data, and tested factors that could be associated with data sharing. METHODS: We requested data for 189 studies (167 authors) as part of a National Cancer Institute-funded meta-analysis of quit intentions and smok…
Virtual Group-based Walking Intervention for Adults with Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders
Feasibility and Acceptability of a Single-session Self-regulation Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Individuals with Serious Mental Illness
The when and how of planning
Foreseeing versus feeling
BACKGROUND: Whereas the importance of affective processes for health-related motivation and behavior is well established, little research has assessed either the accuracy or potential impact of accurate affective forecasts about health behaviors. PURPOSE: The present study addressed 3 research questions: (1) How accurate are affective forecasts about health behaviors? (2) Does forecasting accuracy influence health behavior performance, and (3) fu…
Prevalence and scholarly impact of observational versus experimental research in health psychology and behavioral medicine
OBJECTIVE: This study examines what kinds of evidence are used and valued in advancing the goals of health psychology and behavioral medicine. As no systematic analysis of the prevalence and scholarly impact of different research designs appears to be available, the present research addressed three questions: How often are observational and experimental designs used in psychological research on health? Has the prevalence of these designs changed …
Are we making progress? Testing whether interventions to promote key health behaviors improved over the past 30 years
Uncontrolled vaping and restraint strategies
Identifying promising themes and messages for youth vaping prevention
Expanding the analysis of mechanisms of action in behavioral interventions
Our findings support a cognitive activation process whereby health messages on cigarette packs increase the impact of pre-existing threat appraisals on smoking restraint
Synthetic nicotine descriptors
Most US youth do not know or have incorrect beliefs about the sources of nicotine in e-cigarettes and describing synthetic nicotine as 'tobacco-free nicotine' increases purchase intentions among youth who use e-cigarettes
Realizing the Tobacco Endgame
Perceived effectiveness of objective elements of vaping prevention messages among adolescents
Promising vaping prevention messages focus on the adverse consequences of vaping, use negative imagery and avoid speaking for teens using their vernacular or perspective
Interventions to reduce partisan animosity
Biobehavioral Aspects of the Covid-19 Pandemic
OBJECTIVE: This review highlights the scope and significance of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with a focus on biobehavioral aspects and critical avenues for research. METHODS: A narrative review of the published research literature was undertaken, highlighting major empirical findings emerging during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Interactions among biological, behavioral, and societal processes w…
Tobacco Quit Intentions and Behaviors among Cigar Smokers in the United States in Response to Covid-19
Combustible tobacco users appear to be at greater risk for serious complications from COVID-19. This study examined cigar smokers’ perceived risk of COVID-19, quit intentions, and behaviors during the current pandemic. We conducted an online study between 23 April 2020 to 7 May 2020, as part of an ongoing study examining perceptions of different health effects of cigars. All participants used cigars in the past 30 days (n = 777). Three-quarters o…
Doctors are seen as Godlike
Degree of reasoned action predicts increased intentional control and reduced habitual control over health behaviors
Information to Improve Public Perceptions of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA’s) Tobacco Regulatory Role
While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has had regulatory authority over tobacco products since 2009, public awareness of this authority remains limited. This research examines several broad types of information about FDA tobacco regulatory mission that may improve the perceptions of FDA as a tobacco regulator. Using Amazon Mechanical Turk, 1766 adults, smokers and non-smokers, were randomly assigned to view a statement about FDA regulatory…
Using the question-behavior effect to change multiple health behaviors
Asking questions about a behavior has been found to influence subsequent performance of that behavior, a phenomenon termed the question-behavior effect (QBE). The present study addressed two under-researched questions concerning the QBE: (1) Can the QBE be used to change multiple health behaviors, and (2) does enhancing dissonance during questionnaire completion increase the magnitude of the QBE? Participants ( N = 1534) were randomized to one of…
Health Behavior Change
How can progress in research on health behavior change be accelerated? Experimental medicine (EM) offers an approach that can help investigators specify the research questions that need to be addressed and the evidence needed to test those questions. Whereas current research draws predominantly on multiple overlapping theories resting largely on correlational evidence, the EM approach emphasizes experimental tests of targets or mechanisms of chan…
Negative affect, message reactance and perceived risk
Pictorial cigarette pack warnings increased quit intentions by increasing negative affect. Message reactance partially attenuated this increase in intentions. The opposing associations of negative affect and reactance on perceived risk may explain why pictorial warnings did not lead to observable changes in perceived risk
Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence
Dealing with feeling
Can implementation intentions help to overcome ego-depletion
How do implementation intentions promote goal attainment? A test of component processes
Some Tests of the Distinction between Cognitive and Affective Beliefs
Does heightening risk appraisals change people's intentions and behavior? A meta-analysis of experimental studies
Interventions to reduce partisan animosity
Does monitoring goal progress promote goal attainment? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence
Identifying good opportunities to act
Forming an implementation intention (‘If I encounter situation X, then I'll perform behaviour Y!’) is thought to increase the likelihood that the person will detect a good opportunity to act. Experiment 1 found support for this hypothesis in a novel context where detection of the specified cue was very difficult. Experiments 2 and 3 extended existing paradigms to test whether this improved cue detection has costs in terms of increased false posit…
Social Psychological Factors in Lifestyle Change and Their Relevance to Policy
Crises in obesity and changes in the environment illustrate the need to change problematic behaviors and lifestyles in large segments of the population. This article uses social psychological theory and research to understand methods for facilitating lifestyle change. A basic assumption in the social psychological perspective is that the environment and the person interact to determine behavior. Both factors are important for understanding “upstr…
Evaluation of three interventions to promote workplace health and safety
Religiosity and adolescents' premarital sexual attitudes and behaviour
A review of the literature concerning the relationship between religiosity and premarital sexual attitudes and behaviour revealed inconsistencies in research findings and problems with methodology and operationalizations of variables. A postal questionnaire to 527 16‐ to 18‐year‐olds examined the associations between six models of religiosity (religious upbringing, denominational affiliation, ritual/behavioural, self‐attitude/self‐schema and sali…
Doctors are seen as Godlike
Using the question-behavior effect to change multiple health behaviors
Asking questions about a behavior has been found to influence subsequent performance of that behavior, a phenomenon termed the question-behavior effect (QBE). The present study addressed two under-researched questions concerning the QBE: (1) Can the QBE be used to change multiple health behaviors, and (2) does enhancing dissonance during questionnaire completion increase the magnitude of the QBE? Participants ( N = 1534) were randomized to one of…
Strategic regulation of mimicry effects by implementation intentions
Blocked goals, persistent action
Research on goal attainment has demonstrated that people are more likely to reach their goals when they form implementation intentions. Three experiments tested whether implementation intentions lead to tenacious goal striving following blockage of an initial attempt to reach the goal. In all three experiments some participants were instructed to form an implementation intention and other participants were not. Subsequently, the initial goal-dire…
Integrating concepts from goal theories to understand the achievement of personal goals
The aim of this research was to integrate concepts from goal theories to understand the factors that distinguish between successful versus unsuccessful achievement of a personal goal. In two studies participants completed a questionnaire that measured 17 constructs identified from research on goals in relation to a recent situation in which they either succeeded or failed to see a task through to the end (Study 1) or in relation to their performa…
The when and how of planning
Identifying promising themes and messages for youth vaping prevention
Degree of reasoned action predicts increased intentional control and reduced habitual control over health behaviors
Unemployment and self‐conception
A symbolic interactionist analysis of the relationship between unemployment and self‐conception was tested using a cross‐sectional questionnaire design ( n = 88). Job loss had significant negative associations with reflected appraisals (perceived evaluations) from friends, family, employers, unemployed people and people in general. Significant relationships between reflected appraisals and the evaluative, consistency and involvement dimensions of…
Framing in terms of ‘high‐risk groups’ versus ‘risky practices’ and prognoses of HIV infection
A quasi‐experimental field‐study (n = 314) investigated the consequences of framing the problem of HIV infection in terms of ‘risky practices’ versus ‘high risk groups’. It was reasoned that respondents in the risky practices frame would be more conscious of the risks to people in general leading them to make more pessimistic prognoses of HW spread than those for whom the issue had been framed in terms of high risk groups. This hypothesis was str…
The Postaids Structure of Students' Attitudes to Condoms
A central aspect of health education campaigns designed to prevent the spread of HIV has been to encourage people to use condoms during sexual intercourse. Little research has, however, been carried out on attitudes towards condoms. The present study investigated the post-AIDS structure of students' attitudes to condoms and examined the association of subjects' age, sex, and experience of use with those attitudes. Subject were students attending …
Context and content
A survey examined health beliefs and intentions among 690 16-18 year-olds in Dundee. Respondents in the younger cohort (n = 363) were classified according to their educational situation (at school vs left) and self-reports of having received AIDS/HIV-relevant health education. Both remaining in school and receiving AIDS/HIV-relevant health education had independent beneficial effects, but the effects of leaving school also interacted with sex of …
Framing in terms of ‘high‐risk groups’ versus ‘risky practices’ and prognoses of HIV infection
A quasi‐experimental field‐study (n = 314) investigated the consequences of framing the problem of HIV infection in terms of ‘risky practices’ versus ‘high risk groups’. It was reasoned that respondents in the risky practices frame would be more conscious of the risks to people in general leading them to make more pessimistic prognoses of HW spread than those for whom the issue had been framed in terms of high risk groups. This hypothesis was str…
Religiosity and adolescents' premarital sexual attitudes and behaviour
A review of the literature concerning the relationship between religiosity and premarital sexual attitudes and behaviour revealed inconsistencies in research findings and problems with methodology and operationalizations of variables. A postal questionnaire to 527 16‐ to 18‐year‐olds examined the associations between six models of religiosity (religious upbringing, denominational affiliation, ritual/behavioural, self‐attitude/self‐schema and sali…
Unemployment and self‐conception
A symbolic interactionist analysis of the relationship between unemployment and self‐conception was tested using a cross‐sectional questionnaire design ( n = 88). Job loss had significant negative associations with reflected appraisals (perceived evaluations) from friends, family, employers, unemployed people and people in general. Significant relationships between reflected appraisals and the evaluative, consistency and involvement dimensions of…
Health care workers and HIV/Aids
Implementation Intentions and the Theory of Planned Behavior
This study concerns the implications of Peter Gollwitzer's concept of implementation intentions for Icek Ajzen's theory of planned behavior. Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intentions were assessed before an intervention that required subjects to make implementation intentions concerning when and where they would perform breast self-examination during the next month. Behavior was assessed by self-report 1 month later.…
Do intentions predict condom use? Metaanalysis and examination of six moderator variables
This study used meta‐analysis to quantify the relationship between intentions and behaviour in prospective studies of condom use. The effects of six moderator variables were also examined: sexual orientation, gender, sample age, time interval, intention versus expectation and condom use with ‘steady’ versus ‘casual’ partners. Literature searches revealed 28 hypotheses based on a total sample of 2532 which could be included in the review. Overall,…
‘Inclined abstainers’
A longitudinal test of the association between motivation to undertake a precautionary health action and subsequent behaviour was conducted on women's uptake of the cervical screening test. A sample of never-screened women (N = 166) completed measures derived from protection-motivation theory (PMT; Rogers, 1983). One year later, screening uptake was reliably determined from medical records. While regression analyses demonstrated that PMT variable…
Can social cognitive models contribute to the effectiveness of HIV‐preventive behavioural interventions? A brief review of the literature and a reply to Joffe (1996; 1997) and Fife‐Schaw (1997)
A recent debate in the British Journal of Medical Psychology has considered the role of social cognitive models, such as the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour, in understanding HIV‐preventive behaviour. In this paper we clarify some of the assumptions involved in applications of social cognitive models. We briefly review available evidence on the capacity of such models to predict HIV‐preventive sexual behaviour and ou…
Coming out’ and sexual debut
This paper explores HIV risk-related behaviour in the context of men's entry into the gay community. It is an exploratory study which employed a qualitative approach to describe men's accounts of the process of acculturation. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with working-class gay men from Barnsley, UK. These were translated and analysed, using interpretative phenomenological analysis, for recurrent themes which reflect the way gay men t…
Coming out’ and sexual debut
Some Tests of the Distinction between Cognitive and Affective Beliefs
Augmenting the Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen (1991) invited researchers to identify additional predictors of intentions and behavior after the effects of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) have been taken into account. Findings from 3 correlational studies showed that anticipated regret and descriptive norms contributed substantial variance in intentions to play the lottery after the theory's predictors had been cont…
Predicting Intentions to Use Condoms
A meta‐analysis was conducted on 23 psychosocial predictors of intentions to use condoms. Data from 67 independent samples were included in the review. Findings demonstrated that demographic, sexual experience, and personality variables had small average correlations with intentions. Knowledge about HIV/AIDS and perceptions of the threat of disease were also weakly related to decisions about using condoms. Attitudes and subjective norms from the …
Evidence that intentions based on attitudes better predict behaviour than intentions based on subjective norms
Self-determination theory suggests that better prediction of behaviour will be observed from intentions based on attitudes than intentions based on subjective norms. Analyses of the intention–behavior relationship for both attitudinally versus normatively controlled people and attitudinally versus normatively controlled behaviours supported this hypothesis. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation intentions and repeated behaviour
Two experiments based upon Gollwitzer's (1993) concept of implementation intentions are described. In both experiments, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intentions from Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behaviour were used to measure participants' motivation prior to an intervention in which participants made implementation intentions specifying where and when they would take a vitamin C pill each day. Behaviours were…
Prediction and Intervention in Health‐Related Behavior
Protection motivation theory (PMT) was introduced by Rogers in 1975 and has since been widely adopted as a framework for the prediction of and intervention in health‐related behavior. However. PMT remains the only major cognitive model of behavior not to have been the subject of a meta‐analytic review. A quantitative review of PMT is important to assess its overall utility as a predictive model and to establish which of its variables would be mos…
Self-schemas and the theory of planned behaviour
This paper argues that empirical, conceptual, and statistical difficulties characterise previous demonstrations that self-schemas moderate the relationship between intentions and behaviour. A longitudinal study (n=163) was designed to overcome limitations of previous research. Theory of planned behaviour variables, past behaviour, and self-schemas were assessed in relation to exercise. Behaviour was followed up two weeks later. Findings showed th…
Combining motivational and volitional interventions to promote exercise participation
Objective: This study compared a motivational intervention based on protection motivation theory (PMT, Rogers, 1975, 1983) with the same motivational intervention augmented by a volitional intervention based on implementation intentions (Gollwitzer, 1993). Design: The study had a longitudinal design, involving three waves of data collection over a 2‐week period, incorporating an experimental manipulation of PMT variables at Time 1 and a volitiona…
Evidence that perceived behavioural control is a multidimensional construct
Four studies were performed to test whether Ajzen's (1988, 1991) concept of perceived behavioural control is really an amalgamation of two variables, which we term ‘perceived control’ and ‘perceived difficulty’. Perceived control refers to the extent to which people consider the performance of a behaviour to be under their voluntary control. Perceived difficulty refers to whether people consider a behaviour to be easy or difficult to perform, Fin…
Intention—Behavior Relations
This chapter addresses two questions; how big is the “gap” between intentions and behavior, and what psychological variables might be able to “bridge” the intention–behavior gap? A meta-analysis of meta-analyses is used to quantify the gap and a conceptual analysis of intention–behavior discrepancies is presented. Research is described on the extent to which four groups of variables—behavior type, intention type, properties of intention, and cogn…
Acting on intentions
Three studies tested the hypothesis that anticipated regret (AR) increases consistency between exercise intentions and behaviour. Study 1 employed a longitudinal survey design (N = 384). Measures specified by the theory of planned behaviour, past behaviour, and AR were used to predict self‐reported exercise behaviour 2 weeks later. AR moderated the intention‐behaviour relationship such that participants were most likely to exercise if they both i…
Descriptive norms as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behaviour
Can implementation intentions help to overcome ego-depletion
Psychology (63 works) · Social Psychology (52 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (50 works) · Medicine (36 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (28 works) · Social Psychology (20 works) · Cognitive psychology (16 works) · Developmental psychology (16 works) · Control (management) (15 works) · Psychological intervention (15 works)