Claudio M Radaelli
Biographic Data
| ID | 1679084 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Claudio M Radaelli |
| GIVEN NAMES | Claudio M |
| FAMILY NAME | Radaelli |
| SIGNATURE | RADAELLI C M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Exeter |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5056-5585 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 101 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 2608 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 98 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 3 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1995 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 26 |
A question of style? Regulating artificial intelligence in the European Union and the USA
The regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) is a prominent issue in both the European Union (EU) and the United States of America, but with distinct approaches to the governance of this rapidly evolving field. The EU has developed a comprehensive regulatory framework, notably through its 2024 AI Act. Meanwhile, the United States has gradually developed a piecemeal and voluntary federal approach, often driven by principles of self-regulation an…
Theories of the policy process
This personal reflection starts with the theme of how Theories of the Policy Process or ToPP (Sabatier, 1999) was received by European researchers and why this volume was particularly important for scholars working on the policy process of the European Union. Yet (this is the second theme) policy process research in Europe was also stimulated by other theoretical frameworks. A third theme is the status of theory in Europe today, balancing the rec…
Regulation and its metrics
Measuring Policy Learning
How can we empirically identify and measure policy learning? Through a problematized review, we develop a novel perspective to identifying, explaining, and addressing interconnected ontological, theoretical-contextual, and consequently, methodological challenges in the measurement of policy learning. We de-compose measurement as a three-fold endeavor, concerning: conceptual foundations, the design of measurement instruments, and their deployment …
Expanding the horizon of policy learning
Policy learning is an established conceptual and analytical framework to study the policy process. Its progress as a research agenda hinges on solid micro-foundations, its integration with other policy process theories, the consideration of both positive and negative cases (of learning and change) from diverse continents and countries, and the clarification of the causal pathways connecting individual learning to decisions and change. We sketch t…
Policy learning and policy innovation
The links between policy learning and policy innovation seem self-evident. Yet these areas of scholarship have developed independently of each other. The articles in this Special Issue all address some aspect of the learning/innovation relationship. This introduction sets the scene by reviewing how innovation intersects with studies of policy learning. To do this, we explore the three key dimensions which characterise policy innovation, as define…
Beyond powering and puzzling
Over the years, policy learning has emerged as a theoretical lens to provide an alternative understanding of powering-based approaches to the policy process and policy outcomes. This has been a success story, with policy learning gaining presence among theoretical frameworks on the policy process. However, the puzzling-powering dichotomy is reductive. In real-world policy processes, we find both puzzling and powering. Also, we cannot reduce the v…
The Elgar Companion to the OECD
Published: 19 September 2023
Public Policy
grateful to Gloria Regonini for writing a piece that is so heartfelt and personal in its recollections, yet at the same time
Occupy the semantic space! Opening up the language of better regulation
Policy agendas are often cast in semantic constructions that portray them as universally desirable outcomes. These semantic constructions protect and reinforce the power of dominant coalitions and make it hard to pursue alternatives. The semantic space is entirely occupied by the dominant concepts. At the same time, within the dominant coalition, ideational conflict is muted by decontesting concepts. Drawing on political theory, I show the presen…
Cambridge Elements Series
Published online: 24 Jan 2022
Policy Learning and European Integration
Published online: 24 October 2022
Don’t think it’s a good idea! Four building sites of the ‘ideas school
Ideational explanations of policy change are popular in the fields of political economy, comparative politics and policy analysis. And yet, to make the case for ideational explanations, we must make further progress on the nature of ideas, where they come from, what they consist of, and how they change over time. We highlight four critical building sites concerning the definitional aspects of ideational explanations, micro-foundations, mechanisms…
Measuring design diversity
We draw on the Institutional Grammar Tool's rule types to empirically analyze the design of four major procedural regulatory instruments in the 27 member states of the European Union and the UK. They are: consultation, regulatory impact assessment, freedom of information, and the Ombudsman. By adopting the Institutional Grammar Tool as conceptual lens we end up with a single measurement template applicable to a variety of action situations. We de…
Unity in fragility
The COVID-19 pandemic witnessed extreme forms of biopolitics, as well as the urgency to reconsider our relationship with the planet. Although biopolitics draws attention to the technologies of domination by public authorities, we cast the concepts ofbiosand politics in the wider framework of nonviolence. In this framework, bios is the set of practices (praxis) of ordinary citizens. And politics is power created by harm reduction, or actions in da…
The Institutional Grammar Tool meets the Narrative Policy Framework
We compare the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) and the Institutional Grammar Tool (IGT). Given the focus of this special issue on the NPF, we first theorize how the IGT can contribute to the development of NPF categories, but also how the former gains conceptual leverage from the latter. We argue that it is useful to consider jointly NPF and IGT as this expands the benefit of NPF usage for policy researchers-uncovering not only the stories polic…
Foundations of Regulatory Choice
Two foundations of regulatory choice, precaution and innovation, co-exist in the political system of the European Union (EU). At the conceptual level the two foundations are complementary, and are both endorsed by the EU institutions, albeit in different ways and with different legal status. In the real-life of EU policymaking processes, however, precaution and innovation often become the terrain of polarised views anchored to technocratic or pop…
Policy Learning in Comparative Policy Analysis
This article explores how policy learning can improve comparative policy analysis by focusing on causality in learning processes. After summarizing the comparative credentials of the policy learning literature, the article outlines a framework of four learning modes, relating it to three approaches of causality: deterministic, probabilistic, and set-theoretic. It then builds on this to explore different approaches to causation and learning in rel…
Can’t get no learning
This is the final version. Available on open access from Taylor & Francis via the DOI in this record
Does consultation count for corruption? The causal relations in the EU-28
Consultation is a policy instrument geared toward stakeholder engagement in the formulation of primary and secondary legislation. It ensures certain categories of actors can access draft proposals, examine the evidence produced by government or regulators, provide comments and receive feedback. Using an original dataset of consultation design across the EU-28, we examine how variations in combinations of consultation design matter for perceptions…
What Has Nonviolence Got To Do With The EU
Nonviolence has an established tradition in several disciplines, including political theory, international relations and political science. But its potential for the European Union (EU) has not been appraised yet. Thus, we set out to explore nonviolence as an analytical and normative framework for the study of the EU. At the outset, we introduce nonviolence and define our approach to this concept. We then apply our analytical and normative framew…
A sleeping giant awakes? The rise of the Institutional Grammar Tool (IGT) in policy research
The Institutional Grammar Tool (IGT) is an important and relatively recent innovation in policy theory and analysis. It is conceptualized to empirically operationalize the insights of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework. In the last decade, political scientists have offered a number of applications of the IGT, mainly focused on disclosing and scrutinizing in-depth the textual configurations of policy documents. These effort…
Policy Learning and Organizational Capacity
In this chapter, we link organizational capacity with learning. Specifically, we use a learning typology to organize the different resources and actors involved in learning processes in the public management and administration literatures. We divide capacity into absorptive, administrative, and analytical. By combining modes of learning with these three challenges of capacity building, we generate a matrix that allows us to consider a range of ex…
The Narrative Policy Framework
This chapter aims to detail the narrative policy framework (NPF) in an effort to provide a means by which policy researchers in a variety of contexts can advance scientific discoveries surrounding our central research question. Narrative strategies are used in an attempt to influence the policy process. The NPF identifies operational measures of policy beliefs through narrative elements such as characters and other symbolic, metaphorical, or cont…
Learning in Public Policy
Systematising Policy Learning
The field of policy learning is characterised by concept stretching and a lack of systematic findings. To systematise them, we combine the classic Sartorian approach to classification with the more recent insights on explanatory typologies, distinguishing between the genus and the different species within it. By drawing on the technique of explanatory typologies to introduce a basic model of policy learning, we identify four major genera in the l…
Policy Change and Discourse in Europe
Since the mid-1980s, the European Union, together with its member states, has undergone a major process of transformation. First with the race to the single market by 1992, then with the run-up to European Monetary Union (EMU) by 1999, and now with enlargement, the EU has seen an explosion of new policies with a panoply of new practices in the context of an expanding European economy and an emerging European polity. In attempting to describe, und…
Policy Transfer in the European Union
This article examines public policy in the European Union (EU) by drawing upon the framework of policy transfer, which has been recently refined by comparativists, and the concept of isomorphism developed within organizational theory. Three case studies—namely, the single currency, tax policy and media ownership policy—are discussed and compared with the aim of assessing the potential of isomorphism for the analysis of policy dif‐fusion. The auth…
The role of knowledge in the policy process
Recent scholarly research into public policy has stressed the role of knowledge in the policy process. The variety of concepts and approaches to the study of knowledge seems puzzling. However, this article argues that the different theoretical approaches have some common ground and that a 'knowledge perspective' on the policy process has many advantages. It is suggested that such fields as evaluation research, epistemic communities, diffusion of …
The public policy of the European Union
The role of expertise in European public policy has become the object of a passionate debate. On the one hand, it has been argued that knowledge, in various guises, can foster learning, enlightenment, problem-solving attitudes, and policy change. On the other, the public policy of the European Union (EU) is in the firing line because of its technocratic bias. However, what is meant by technocracy in the case of the EU? How can political scientist…
Diffusion without convergence
Regulatory impact assessment (RIA) has emerged on the political agenda of the member states of the European Union (EU). RIA is the cornerstone of programmes for ‘better regulation’ and ‘good regulatory governance’. This article argues that the diffusion of RIA has not produced convergence. The lack of convergence is explained by the different political contexts – measured in terms of types of bureaucracy, government's capacity to handle distribut…
Measuring policy learning
Do analytic approaches to policy appraisal, specifically regulatory impact assessment (RIA), enable complex organizations to learn? To answer this question, this article distinguishes between types of learning (instrumental, legitimacy-seeking emulation, and political), spells out their micro-foundations, and formulates expectations about evidence drawing on the literature on knowledge utilization. Findings from Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, …
Crisis, learning and policy change in the European Union
What is the causal relationship between crisis, learning and change? How did causality unfold in the key years of 2009–2010 when the European Union had to face the most formidable attacks to the single currency and responded with substantial reforms of the euro area? We question the conventional identification of the cause-and-effect relationship provided by theories of crisis management, integration and policy learning. Drawing on models of cont…
The lessons of policy learning
Policy learning is an attractive proposition, but who learns and for what purposes? Can we learn the wrong lesson? And why do so many attempts to learn what works often fail? In this article, we provide three lessons. First, there are four different modes in which constellations of actors learn. Hence our propositions about learning are conditional on which of the four contexts we refer to. Second, policy learning does not just happen; there are …
Harmful Tax Competition in the EU
This article investigates the dynamics of the European Union (EU) direct tax policy process by drawing attention to the political power of policy narratives in the context of the advocacy coalition framework. The narrative of harmful tax competition has been a political instrument for rekindling interest in a neglected policy area. Narratives do not operate in a political vacuum, however. Forum politics and the evolution of the policy environment…
Whither better regulation for the Lisbon agenda
The initiatives for regulatory reform known as ‘better regulation’ have become a priority in the recently reformulated ‘growth and jobs’ Lisbon agenda of the European Union. But what is better regulation and what can it deliver? In this article, better regulation is identified as a new type of meta-regulation, with its structural and discursive properties. Better regulation discourse has enabled policy-makers to address different objectives in th…
The politics of governance architectures
Governance architectures are strategic and long-term institutional arrangements of international organizations exhibiting three features; namely, they address strategic and long-term problems in a holistic manner, they set substantive output-oriented goals, and they are implemented through combinations of old and new organizational structures within the international organization in question. The Lisbon Strategy is the most high-profile initiativ…
The Policy and Politics of Policy Appraisal
Over the last 20 years, policy appraisal has emerged as a popular topic for discussion amongst policy-makers and academics alike. Much research effort has been devoted to developing tools and techniques to inform appraisal activities, but there has been, until recently, a distinct paucity of research on what might be termed the 'policy and politics' of policy appraisal. This is surprising, since policy appraisal is undoubtedly an important site o…
The many uses of regulatory impact assessment
Research on regulation has crossed paths with the literature on policy instruments, showing that regulatory policy instruments contain cognitive and normative beliefs about policy. Thus, their usage stacks the deck in favor of one type of actor or one type of regulatory solution. In this article, we challenge the assumption that there is a predetermined relationship between ideas, regulatory policy instruments, and outcomes. We argue that differe…
The diffusion of regulatory impact analysis – Best practice or lesson‐drawing
This article presents the main results of a research project on regulatory impact analysis (RIA) in comparative perspective. Its main theoretical thrust is to explore the limitations of the conventional analysis of RIA in terms of de‐contextualised best practice and provide an alternative framework based on the lesson‐drawing literature. After having discussed how demand and supply of best practice emerge in the OECD and the European Union, some …
Policy learning in the Eurozone crisis
In response to the attacks on the sovereign debt of some Eurozone countries, European Union (EU) leaders have created a set of preventive and corrective policy instruments to coordinate macro-economic policies and reforms. In this article, we deal with the European Semester, a cycle of information exchange, monitoring and surveillance. Countries that deviate from the targets are subjected to increasing monitoring and more severe 'corrective' inte…
Does Policy Learning Meet the Standards of an Analytical Framework of the Policy Process
Reference to policy learning is commonplace in the public policy literature but the question of whether it qualifies as an analytical framework applicable to the policy process has yet to be systematically addressed. We therefore appraise learning as analytical framework in relation to four standards: assumptions and micro‐foundations, conceptual apparatus, observable implications, normative applications. We find that policy learning meets the fo…
Research Design in European Studies
In this article, we contribute to the debate on research design and causal analysis in European integration studies by considering the sub‐field of Europeanization. First, we examine the awareness of research design issues in the literature on Europeanization through a review of the debate on causality, concept formation and methods. Second, we analyse how much of the discussion of the trade‐offs in causal analysis in mainstream political science…
Hard Questions, Hard Solutions
An important proposition in public policy analysis is that the design and selection of policy instruments is a manifestation of power relations; in other words, ‘politics determines instruments’. However, except where it degenerates into tick-the-box routines, instrumentation can also generate its own political effects at the implementation stage – the ‘instruments determine politics’ argument. Examining the impact assessment (IA) element of the …
Can’t get no learning
This is the final version. Available on open access from Taylor & Francis via the DOI in this record
The Narrative Policy Framework
Recent critiques of the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) have described the framework as a hybrid – and perhaps contradictory – platform using postpositivist theory in the service of positivistic methods. While the NPF has done much to advance what one might term its positivist hypotheses-testing orientation, the ongoing relationship between the NPF and its postpositive, interpretative foundation is – to date – unclear. This article explores the …
Learning in the European Union
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis via the DOI in this record
Europeanization, Policy Learning, and New Modes of Governance
Can a learning-based mode of governance, specifically the Open Method of Coordination (OMC), facilitate Europeanization? The argument is that, in policy areas where the Treaty base for European Union policy is thin or non-existent or where diverging political views hinder the development of law, modes of governance based on Council's guidelines, the co-ordination of national action plans, peer review of reforms, systematic benchmarking, performan…
The Puzzle of Regulatory Competition
Our understanding of international competition in regulatory policies has not progressed much because conventional theories lead to a bewildering range of conclusions. Empirical evidence has shown the limitations of simplistic models. Fresh work should overcome the obsession with ‘races’ and ‘final outcomes’ of conventional theoretical approaches and start modelling real-world mechanisms of regulatory competition. The first part of the article sh…
Learning in the bath-tub
Whilst the literature classifies policy learning in terms of types or ontological approaches (reflexive and social constructivist learning versus rational up-dating of priors), we offer a three-dimensional approach to explore the relationships between individual learning, learning in groups and the macro-dimension. Our contribution maps most (although not all) lively debates in the field on a multi-dimensional space and explores the logic of caus…
Book notes
Renaud Dehousse (ed.) (1994) Europe after Maastricht: An Ever Closer Union? (Munich: Law Books in Europe), pp. i‐xi, 1–318; ISBN 3 406 38342 4; paper £30 Roger Strange (1993) Japanese Manufacturing Investment in Europe: Its Impact on the UK Economy (London: Routledge), pp. i‐xxiii, 1–549; ISBN 0 415 04337 9; cloth £50 F.G. Castles (ed.) (1993) Families of Nations: Patterns of Public Policy in Western Democracies (Aldershot: Dartmouth), pp. i‐xxii…
Research news
Corporate Direct Taxation in the European Union
The author presents an empirical study of the direct corporate taxation policy process in the European Union. The study links three public policy literatures that are usually considered somewhat distinct and independent: the literature on the politics of tax reform, the literature on policy change and the political role of knowledge, and the literature on European integration. The examination of these literatures leads to a series of hypotheses w…
The role of knowledge in the policy process
Recent scholarly research into public policy has stressed the role of knowledge in the policy process. The variety of concepts and approaches to the study of knowledge seems puzzling. However, this article argues that the different theoretical approaches have some common ground and that a 'knowledge perspective' on the policy process has many advantages. It is suggested that such fields as evaluation research, epistemic communities, diffusion of …
Evaluation Strategies and Analysis of the Policy Process
This article focuses on the theoretical development of evaluation research from the perspective of public-policy analysis. The discontinuity between the first stage of evaluation research and its more recent stage is assessed by arguing that the main problems in early evaluation research were related to an inadequate conceptualization of the evaluator's role, whilst the recent debate in evaluation research correctly acknowledges the endogeneity o…
Fiscal federalism as a catalyst for policy development? In search of a framework for European direct tax harmonization
This article combines the literature on federalism and fiscal federalism with a policy perspective on the European direct tax policy process. The different ‘frames’ articulated by two distinct advocacy coalitions, an ‘intergovernmental’ coalition, centred around member states (politicians and public administrations), and a ‘supranational’ coalition, composed of the Commission, experts with policy‐relevant knowledge and corporate actors, are inves…
How does Europeanization Produce Domestic Policy Change
This article raises the question whether corporate tax policies in Italy and the United Kingdom have been changed by the emergence of an embryonic tax regime at the European Union (EU) level. The author argues that Europeanization can occur both directly, when domestic policy is constrained by the implementation of EU directives, and indirectly, when policy makers conceive of a domestic issue in European frames of references and modify public pol…
Beyond Charlemagne's Europe
This article explores the idea of European integration - more precisely the single currency — as a positional good1: in itself, the single currency is a very desirable good, and accordingly each actor wishes to 'consume' it. However, when everyone 'consumes' it at the same time, this desirable good deteriorates into a source of problems and dissatisfaction, at least for some of the consumers. It is our aim in this article to draw upon the 'positi…
Networks of Expertise and Policy Change in Italy
A fundamental component of the Italian transition in the 1990s is the shift in public finance that has now qualified Italy for participation in the single currency with the first wave of countries. How can this dramatic change be explained? The author argues that the conventional models employed for the study of the Italian transition must be supplemented with actor-based models. Accordingly, attention is drawn to networks of expertise. In the fi…
Game Theory and Institutional Entrepreneurship
Coordination in international tax policy is extremely problematic. Economists and political scientists have explained this lack of coordination by arguing that tax competition triggers a prisoner's dilemma. In this article I argue that not all international tax policy can be reduced to the prisoner's dilemma syndrome. Transfer pricing policy, the object of this study, can be modeled as a coordination game. By drawing upon game theory and new inst…
Steering the Community Regulatory System
This article reviews the process of regulatory reform in the European Union (EU). The main argument is that EU initiatives have been cast in a rather narrow conceptual framework, limited to issues such as simplification and better law‐making. Although important, these issues are only a component of the wider task of governing regulation. Therefore I introduce and discuss three proposals for re‐casting the debate on EU regulation. First, the focus…
The public policy of the European Union
The role of expertise in European public policy has become the object of a passionate debate. On the one hand, it has been argued that knowledge, in various guises, can foster learning, enlightenment, problem-solving attitudes, and policy change. On the other, the public policy of the European Union (EU) is in the firing line because of its technocratic bias. However, what is meant by technocracy in the case of the EU? How can political scientist…
Idee E Conoscenza Nelle Politiche Pubbliche Europee
Introduzione La conoscenza nelle politiche pubbliche dell'Unione europea: un vantaggio a metà? Come spesso accade, l'interesse attuale per la dimensione cognitiva della politica rappresenta più una riscoperta che una novità assoluta. In senso lato, essa comprende filoni ben noti, addirittura classici, degli studi politici. Lo dimostra la ricca letteratura su temi diversi quali l'incrementalismo (Lindblom 1959), la razionalità limitata (Simon 1957…
Harmful Tax Competition in the EU
This article investigates the dynamics of the European Union (EU) direct tax policy process by drawing attention to the political power of policy narratives in the context of the advocacy coalition framework. The narrative of harmful tax competition has been a political instrument for rekindling interest in a neglected policy area. Narratives do not operate in a political vacuum, however. Forum politics and the evolution of the policy environment…
Limits to EU technocratic regulation
This article has three main objectives. Firstly, it seeks to re–formulate the debate on technocracy in the European Union by drawing upon the concept of the EU regulatory state as developed by Majone (1996). Secondly, it illustrates the limits and tensions of a once politicised technocratic policy–making process by tracing the formulation of media ownership regulation. Although media ownership policy has been presented by the European Commission …
Logiques de pouvoir et récits dans les politiques publiques de l'Union européenne
Power and policy narratives in the european union This article defines and discusses two policy narratives in the European Union, that is, harmful tax competition and the European constraint on Italian public finance. Policy narratives are both a resource employed by entrepreneurial actors and an element of the cognitive structure of public policy. As such, they shed light on the relation betxeen structure and agency in the policy process. Power …
Policy Transfer in the European Union
This article examines public policy in the European Union (EU) by drawing upon the framework of policy transfer, which has been recently refined by comparativists, and the concept of isomorphism developed within organizational theory. Three case studies—namely, the single currency, tax policy and media ownership policy—are discussed and compared with the aim of assessing the potential of isomorphism for the analysis of policy dif‐fusion. The auth…
Symposium
2000). Symposium: Theories of the Policy Process. Journal of European Public Policy: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 122-140
The domestic impact of european union public policy
This article builds on the idea - presented by Hassenteufel and Surel (2000) in this journal - that research on Europeanization presents a formidable opportunity to bring EU scholars closer to 'normal' political science. By focusing on the Europeanization of public policy, the article reviews the pre-requisites for 'normal' analysis, that is, the definition of concepts, the methodology, the identification of research designs, and questions & puzz…
The Politics of Europeanization
The Politics of Europeanization looks at the political aspects of European integration from the viewpoint of domestic politics. In so doing, it goes beyond the classic analysis of ‘how policies are made in Brussels’ and raises instead the question ‘what is the power of Europe in national contexts?’.Whereas standard books on domestic politics and European integration look at different countries one by one, this volume embraces an innovative perspe…
The Europeanization of Public Policy
This chapter deals with the Europeanization of public policy, with emphasis on the problems that researchers encounter when they try to get to grips with the concept of Europeanization, the issue of explanation, the measurement of effects and the control of alternative rival hypotheses. It covers the domestic impact of the public policy of the European Union (EU), for which the term ‘EU-ization’ could be used. Featherstone has shown in the introd…
Introduction to the symposium on ‘new’ policy instruments in the European Union
Throughout the international community - and specifically in the European Union - there is an increased focus on 'new modes of governance', for three different - but sometimes interrelated - reasons: achieving more efficiency and better delivery, creating the pre-conditions for participatory governance, and modernizing the regulatory system. The debate on 'what public policies can really achieve', how they can 'bring society back in', and whether…
The code of conduct against harmful tax competition
The European Union is experimenting with new, non‐binding policy instruments in business taxation, namely a voluntary code of conduct among member states against harmful tax competition. This article raises the question to what extent can the code be considered a manifestation of the open method of coordination (OMC)? Is an open method (based on guidelines, peer review, best practice, benchmarking, learning and diffusion of shared beliefs among p…
Policy Change and Discourse in Europe
Since the mid-1980s, the European Union, together with its member states, has undergone a major process of transformation. First with the race to the single market by 1992, then with the run-up to European Monetary Union (EMU) by 1999, and now with enlargement, the EU has seen an explosion of new policies with a panoply of new practices in the context of an expanding European economy and an emerging European polity. In attempting to describe, und…
The European Convention
It would be wrong to see the European Convention on the Future of Europe as a simple transmission belt between one treaty negotiation and another. In fact, it represented a discontinuity in European Union (EU) patterns of governance. Although one of the main tasks of the Convention was to pave the way for the intergovernmental conference (IGC) opened under the Italian Presidency of the EU on 4 October 2003, one cannot place it in parenthesis and …
Political science (93 works) · Economics (68 works) · Law (57 works) · Law (55 works) · Politics (49 works) · Sociology (47 works) · Public Administration (42 works) · European union (41 works) · Public Administration (40 works) · Computer Science (36 works)