Vladimir M Shkolnikov
Biographic Data
| ID | 736108 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Vladimir M Shkolnikov |
| GIVEN NAMES | Vladimir M |
| FAMILY NAME | Shkolnikov |
| SIGNATURE | SHKOLNIKOV V M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2259-5423 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 72 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 626 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 72 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1992 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 14 |
For Whom Does Place Matter? Regional Variation in the SES-Mortality Gradient Among Retired Men in Germany
There is mounting evidence in Germany of significant mortality inequalities associated with socioeconomic status (SES). This issue holds considerable relevance for social policy debates. However, there is a paucity of research regarding how SES-mortality inequalities differ across German regions and between urban and rural areas. This is surprising, given that existing studies suggest that SES-mortality disparities can vary systematically based o…
Seasonal Mortality and its Impact on Spatial Inequality in Life Expectancy Across Italy
Seasonal mortality fluctuations significantly affect national life expectancy, yet their role in regional inequalities remains underexplored. Understanding this is crucial for targeted health policies aimed at reducing spatial mortality differences. We quantify the impact of seasonal excess mortality on regional life expectancy levels (e 0 ) and inequalities in Italy. Using monthly mortality data from the Italian National Statistical Institute by…
Making sense of national and international disparities in excess mortality from the Covid-19 pandemic
Two-dimensional contour decomposition
BACKGROUND: Conventional decomposition analysis identifies contributions from differences in covariates in total between-population difference, but does not address the question of the historical roots of the differences. To close this gap, the contour decomposition method was proposed. Since 2017, when it was published, this method has been successfully applied in several papers. Nevertheless, it has an important limitation: causes of death cann…
What should be the baseline when calculating excess mortality? New approaches suggest that we have underestimated the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and previous winter peaks
Excess mortality has been used to measure the impact of COVID-19 over time and across countries. But what baseline should be chosen? We propose two novel approaches: an alternative retrospective baseline derived from the lowest weekly death rates achieved in previous years and a within-year baseline based on the average of the 13 lowest weekly death rates within the same year. These baselines express normative levels of the lowest feasible target…
Socioeconomic inequalities in physiological risk biomarkers and the role of lifestyles among Russians aged 35-69 years
Notable differences in risk biomarkers inequalities were observed according to the SEP measure employed. Clear educational inequalities in raised physiological risk biomarkers levels, particularly in blood pressure and C-reactive protein were seen in Russia and are partly explained by lifestyle factors, particularly obesity among women. These findings provide evidence-based information on the need for tackling health inequalities in the Russian p…
Sensitivity Analysis of Excess Mortality due to the Covid-19 Pandemic
Estimating excess mortality is challenging. The metric depends on the expected mortality level, which can differ based on given choices, such as the method and the time series length used to estimate the baseline. However, these choices are often arbitrary, and are not subject to any sensitivity analysis. We bring to light the importance of carefully choosing the inputs and methods used to estimate excess mortality. Drawing on data from 26 countr…
Cohérence des données sur les causes de décès à l'échelle infranationale
Les pratiques de certification et de codage des causes initiales de décès ne sont pas toutes les mêmes, ce qui peut nuire à la pertinence et la fiabilité des statistiques de mortalité par cause. La cohérence de ces données au sein d'un même pays peut être considérée comme un critère de qualité. Cet article évalue la cohérence à l'échelle infranationale des statistiques sur les causes de décès en Russie, en Allemagne, aux États-Unis et en France. …
Excess deaths associated with covid-19 pandemic in 2020
Excess mortality in Russia and its regions compared to high income countries
Russia has one of the largest absolute burden of excess mortality in 2020 but there is a counter-intuitive negative association between excess mortality and cumulative incidence at the regional level. Under-recording of COVID-19 cases seems to be a problem in some regions
Where Do People Live Longer in Russia in the 21st Century? Life Expectancy across Urban and Rural areas
The twenty-first century marked the beginning of rapid health improvements in Russia. In the late 2000s and the 2010s, there was already a moderate decrease in inter-oblast mortality disparities, with the exception of the growing life expectancy (LE) advantage of Moscow and Saint Petersburg. We have used newly available data to explore LE changes from 2003-2005 to 2015-2017 and determinants of LE differences across settlements of different types …
The changing relation between alcohol and life expectancy in Russia in 1965–2017
New perspective on geographical mortality divide in Russia
BACKGROUND: Prior studies on spatial inequalities in mortality in Russia were restricted to the highest level of administrative division, ignoring variations within the regions. Using mortality data for 2239 districts, this study is the first analysis to capture the scale of the mortality divide at a more detailed level. METHODS: Age-standardised death rates are calculated using aggregated deaths for 2008-2012 and population exposures from the 20…
Socioeconomic disparities in life expectancy gains among retired German men, 1997–2016
BACKGROUND: Although estimates of socioeconomic mortality disparities in Germany exist, the trends in these disparities since the 1990s are still unknown. This study examines mortality trends across socioeconomic groups since the late 1990s among retired German men aged 65 and above. METHODS: Large administrative data sets were used to estimate mortality among retired German men, grouped according to their working-life biographies. The data cover…
Is the story about sensitive women and stoical men true? Gender differences in health after adjustment for reporting behavior
Research indicates that women have higher levels of physical disability and depression and lower scores on physical performance tests compared to men, while the evidence for gender differences in self-rated health is equivocal. Scholars note that these patterns may be related to women over-reporting and men under-reporting health problems, but gender differences in reporting behaviors have not been rigorously tested. Using Wave 1 of the Survey of…
Recent Mortality Trend Reversal in Russia
After several decades of negative trends and short-term fluctuations, life expectancy has been increasing in Russia since 2004. Between 2003 and 2014, the length of life rose by 6.6 years among males and by 4.6 years among females. While positive trends in life expectancy are observed in all regions of Russia, these trends are unfolding differently in different regions. First, regions entered the phase of life expectancy growth at different point…
Decomposing Current Mortality Differences Into Initial Differences and Differences in Trends
This study proposes a new decomposition method that permits a difference in an aggregate measure at a final time point to be split into additive components corresponding to the initial differences in the event rates of the measure and differences in trends in these underlying event rates. For instance, when studying divergence in life expectancy, this method allows researchers to more easily contrast age-specific mortality trends between populati…
Trends and Sub-National Disparities in Neonatal Mortality in India from 1981 to 2011
Despite progress made in recent decades, infant and neonatal mortality rates (NMRs) in India have remained high compared to neighbouring developing countries. This study aims at establishing quantitative links between the relatively slow progress in fight against neonatal death at national level and strikingly varying mortality patterns at sub-national level. It appears that the tempo and quantum of reductions in neonatal mortality have been inco…
Why are well-educated Muscovites more likely to survive? Understanding the biological pathways
L'avant-garde en matière d'espérance de vie montre-t-elle la voie au reste de la population
Les populations pionnières, bénéficiant les premières de l'augmentation de l'espérance de vie, ouvrent-elles pour les autres groupes la voie vers de meilleures chances de survie et de longévité ? Cette étude a pour but d'identifier dans quelle mesure, en Finlande, en Suède et en Norvège, la population qui n'appartient pas à cette avant-garde pourrait suivre les trajectoires de mortalité déjà tracées par les pionniers aux différents groupes d'âges…
Socio-economic determinants of divorce in Lithuania
Most existing evidence on the socio-economic predictors of divorce in developed countries comes from the USA and from Western and Northern Europe. This study contributes to the scarce literature about socio-economic determinants of divorce in Central and E
The Recent Mortality Decline in Russia
The health situation in Russia has often been characterized as a long-running crisis. From the 1960s until the beginning of the 2000s, the declining life expectancy trend was substantially interrupted only twice: once in the mid-1980s as a result of Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign, and again at the end of the 1990s as a result of the "rebound" effect following the dramatic rise in mortality associated with the acute socioeconomic crisis. In bot…
Widening socioeconomic differences in mortality among men aged 65 years and older in Germany
BACKGROUND: Although socioeconomic mortality differences in Germany are well documented, trends in group-specific mortality and differences between the eastern and the western parts of the country remain unexplored. METHODS: Population and death counts by level of lifetime earnings (1995-1996 to 2007-2008) and broad occupational groups (1995-1996 to 2003-2004) for men aged 65 years and older were obtained from the German Federal Pension Fund. Dir…
To what extent do biomarkers account for the large social disparities in health in Moscow
Trends, patterns, and determinants of regional mortality in Belarus, 1990-2007
We report analyses of regional trends in overall and cause-specific mortality in Belarus for the period 1990-2007. We explore the respective spatial patterns and attempt to determine the factors responsible for the regional mortality variation. The results show that inter-regional mortality differentials tend to rise, mainly because of the growing advantage of the capital over other regions. The increasing variation is associated with diverging t…
Algorithm for decomposition of differences between aggregate demographic measures and its application to life expectancies, healthy life expectancies, parity-progression ratios and total fertility rat…
A general algorithm for the decomposition of differences between two values of an aggregate demographic measure in respect to age and other dimensions is proposed. It assumes that the aggregate measure is computed from similar matrices of discrete demo
Educational level and adult mortality in Russia
Causes of the Russian mortality crisis
Gini coefficient as a life table function
This paper presents a toolkit for measuring and analyzing inter-individual inequality in length of life by Gini coefficient. Gini coefficient and four other inequality measures are defined on the length-of-life distribution. Properties of these measure
The Recent Mortality Decline in Russia
The health situation in Russia has often been characterized as a long-running crisis. From the 1960s until the beginning of the 2000s, the declining life expectancy trend was substantially interrupted only twice: once in the mid-1980s as a result of Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign, and again at the end of the 1990s as a result of the "rebound" effect following the dramatic rise in mortality associated with the acute socioeconomic crisis. In bot…
The changing relation between education and life expectancy in central and eastern Europe in the 1990s
Background: The political and social transition in central and eastern Europe has been generally associated with widening educational differences in life expectancy. However, interpretation of these findings is complicated because the size of educational categories within the population has also changed. It is therefore important to disentangle these two phenomena. Setting: The Czech Republic, Estonia, the Russian Federation and , as a western Eu…
The changing nature of murder in Russia
The contribution of medical care to changing life expectancy in Germany and Poland
Increasing absolute mortality disparities by education in Finland, Norway and Sweden, 1971–2000
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Studies on socioeconomic health disparities often suffer from a lack of uniform data and methodology. Using high quality, census-linked data and sensible inequality measures, this study documents the changes in absolute and relative mortality differences by education in Finland, Norway and Sweden over the period 1971 to 2000. METHODS: The age-standardised mortality rates and the population exposures for three educationa…
Losses of Expected Lifetime in the United States and Other Developed Countries
Patterns of diversity in age at death are examined using e†, a dispersion measure that equals the average expected lifetime lost at death. We apply two methods for decomposing differences in e†. The first method estimates the contributions of average levels of mortality and mortality age structures. The second (and newly developed) method returns components produced by differences between age- and cause-specific mortality rates. The United States…
Components and possible determinants of decrease in Russian mortality in 2004-2010
After a long decline, life expectancy in Russia substantially increased in 2004-2010; this is the longest period of health improvement that has been observed in the country since 1965. This study is the first analysis of this positive trend
Linked versus unlinked estimates of mortality and length of life by education and marital status
Alcohol and cardiovascular mortality in Moscow; new evidence of a causal association
BACKGROUND: In explaining recent trends in Russian mortality, alcohol drinking has often been put forward as a major factor. However, cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of death in Russia and alcohol is currently viewed as having a protective effect on heart disease. This study explores this apparent paradox by examining daily trends in deaths from cardiovascular disease in Moscow. SUBJECTS: Those dying in Moscow in the years 1993-199…
Mortality in Belarus, Lithuania, and Russia
Sensitivity Analysis of Excess Mortality due to the Covid-19 Pandemic
Estimating excess mortality is challenging. The metric depends on the expected mortality level, which can differ based on given choices, such as the method and the time series length used to estimate the baseline. However, these choices are often arbitrary, and are not subject to any sensitivity analysis. We bring to light the importance of carefully choosing the inputs and methods used to estimate excess mortality. Drawing on data from 26 countr…
Recent Life Expectancy Divergence in Baltic Countries
Steep Increase in Best-Practice Cohort Life Expectancy
We analyze trends in best-practice life expectancy among female cohorts born from 1870 to 1950. Cohorts experience declining rather than constant death rates, and cohort life expectancy usually exceeds period life expectancy. Unobserved mortality rates in non-extinct cohorts are estimated using the Lee-Carter model for mortality in 1960-2008. Best-practice cohort and period life expectancies increased nearly linearly. Across cohorts born from 187…
La crise sanitaire en Russie. I. Tendances récentes de l'espérance de vie et des causes de décès de 1970 à 1993
Shkolnikov Vladimir, Meslé France, Vallin Jacques. La crise sanitaire en Russie. I. Tendances récentes de l'espérance de vie et des causes de décès de 1970 à 1993. In: Population, 50e année, n°4-5, 1995. pp. 907-943
Geographical diversity of cause-of-death patterns and trends in Russia
This paper performs a systematic analysis of all currently available Russian data on mortality by region, census year (1970, 1979, 1989, and 1994) and cause of death. It investigates what links may be found between these geographical variations in caus
Widening socioeconomic differences in mortality among men aged 65 years and older in Germany
BACKGROUND: Although socioeconomic mortality differences in Germany are well documented, trends in group-specific mortality and differences between the eastern and the western parts of the country remain unexplored. METHODS: Population and death counts by level of lifetime earnings (1995-1996 to 2007-2008) and broad occupational groups (1995-1996 to 2003-2004) for men aged 65 years and older were obtained from the German Federal Pension Fund. Dir…
Induced Abortion in Russia
Mortality by cause in the USSR in 1970–1987
Is the story about sensitive women and stoical men true? Gender differences in health after adjustment for reporting behavior
Research indicates that women have higher levels of physical disability and depression and lower scores on physical performance tests compared to men, while the evidence for gender differences in self-rated health is equivocal. Scholars note that these patterns may be related to women over-reporting and men under-reporting health problems, but gender differences in reporting behaviors have not been rigorously tested. Using Wave 1 of the Survey of…
Recent Mortality Trend Reversal in Russia
After several decades of negative trends and short-term fluctuations, life expectancy has been increasing in Russia since 2004. Between 2003 and 2014, the length of life rose by 6.6 years among males and by 4.6 years among females. While positive trends in life expectancy are observed in all regions of Russia, these trends are unfolding differently in different regions. First, regions entered the phase of life expectancy growth at different point…
Trends and geographic differentials in mortality under age 60 in India
The study examines overall and region-specific mortality changes and regional mortality variation in India since the 1970s, using data from the Sample Registration System (SRS). An evaluation of the quality of SRS data confirms their reliability for children and adults under age 60. The results suggest the convergence of mortality across the regions of India with important inter-state differences in the pace of health improvements over time. Afte…
Mortality by cause in the USSR in 1970–1987
Brusque montée des morts violentes en Russie
Meslé France, Shkolnikov Vladimir, Vallin Jacques. Brusque montée des morts violentes en Russie. In: Population, 49e année, n°3, 1994. pp. 780-790
La mortalité en Russie
Dans les quinze dernières années, l'espérance de vie en Russie a été soumise à de très larges fluctuations. La forte augmentation observée en 1985-86 a été suivie d'une baisse d'ampleur équivalente jusqu'en 1992. En 1993, la détérioration s'est amplifiée. Ces différents mouvements tiennent essentiellement aux variations de la mortalité aux âges actifs. Ils sont étroitement liés, d'une part, aux mesures anti-alcooliques prises par Gorbatchev en 19…
La crise sanitaire en Russie. II. Évolution des causes de décès
Shkolnikov (Vladimir), Meslé (France), Vallin (Jacques). - La crise sanitaire en Russie. I. Tendances récentes de l'espérance de vie et des causes de décès de 1970 à 1993 Depuis le milieu des années soixante, l'évolution de l'espérance de vie en Russie a nettement divergé de celle de la plupart des pays occidentaux. La vie moyenne a stagné pour les femmes et diminué pour les hommes jusqu'au début des années quatre-vingt. Une nette mais éphémère r…
La crise sanitaire en Russie. I. Tendances récentes de l'espérance de vie et des causes de décès de 1970 à 1993
Shkolnikov Vladimir, Meslé France, Vallin Jacques. La crise sanitaire en Russie. I. Tendances récentes de l'espérance de vie et des causes de décès de 1970 à 1993. In: Population, 50e année, n°4-5, 1995. pp. 907-943
Huge variation in Russian mortality rates 1984–94
Economic change, crime, and mortality crisis in Russia
Objective : To identify which aspects of socioeconomic change were associated with the steep decline in life expectancy in Russia between 1990 and 1994. Design : Regression analysis of regional data, with percentage fall in male life expectancy as dependent variable and a range of socioeconomic measures reflecting transition, change in income, inequity, and social cohesion as independent variables. Determination of contribution of deaths from maj…
Patterns of smoking in Russia
Tobacco poses a major threat to the health of future generations in Russia, especially among women. A robust policy response is required
Causes of the Russian mortality crisis
Alcohol and cardiovascular mortality in Moscow; new evidence of a causal association
BACKGROUND: In explaining recent trends in Russian mortality, alcohol drinking has often been put forward as a major factor. However, cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of death in Russia and alcohol is currently viewed as having a protective effect on heart disease. This study explores this apparent paradox by examining daily trends in deaths from cardiovascular disease in Moscow. SUBJECTS: Those dying in Moscow in the years 1993-199…
Educational level and adult mortality in Russia
Russie
Russia : an unprecedented sanitary Crisis. While life expectancy was continuously increasing in most European countries during the last decades, progress has been stopped in some Eastern European countries since the mid-60s. Cardiovascular diseases play a major part in these contrasting trends. Mortality due to these conditions is decreasing in the Western part of Europe while it has dramatically increased on the Eastern side. The case of the rep…
Changes in life expectancy in Russia in the mid-1990s
Life expectancy in two Caucasian countries. How much due to overestimated population
This study is a first attempt to produce reliable estimates of mortality in Georgia and Armenia in the 1990s. Official statistics registered a decrease in mortality over the 1990s in spite of local wars, mass flows of refugees, and severe economic hard
The contribution of medical care to changing life expectancy in Germany and Poland
The changing nature of murder in Russia
Algorithm for decomposition of differences between aggregate demographic measures and its application to life expectancies, healthy life expectancies, parity-progression ratios and total fertility rat…
A general algorithm for the decomposition of differences between two values of an aggregate demographic measure in respect to age and other dimensions is proposed. It assumes that the aggregate measure is computed from similar matrices of discrete demo
Gini coefficient as a life table function
This paper presents a toolkit for measuring and analyzing inter-individual inequality in length of life by Gini coefficient. Gini coefficient and four other inequality measures are defined on the length-of-life distribution. Properties of these measure
Induced Abortion in Russia
Educational differentials in male mortality in Russia and northern Europe
Background: Prior estimates of the Russian mortality by socio-demographic group revealed significant differentials around the censuses of 1979 and 1989, but these studies were based on different sources of information on education for the deceased
The peculiar pattern of mortality of Jews in Moscow, 1993-95
Russian Jews, particularly men, have a large mortality advantage compared with the general Russian population. We consider possible explanations for this advantage using data on 445,000 deaths in Moscow, 1993-95. Log-linear analysis of the distribution of deaths by sex, age, ethnic group, and cause of death reveals a relatively high concentration of endogenous causes and a relatively low concentration of exogenous and behaviourally induced causes…
Russian mortality beyond vital statistics
Analyses of routine data have established that the extreme mortality fluctuations among young and middle-aged men are the most important single component of both temporal changes in Russian life expectancy at birth and in the gap between male and femal
Introduction to the Special Collection of papers on 'Determinants of diverging trends in mortality
This article introduces the Special Collection of papers presented at the first seminar of the Committee on Emerging Health Threats (CEHT) of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), "Determinants of Diverging Trends of M
A summary of Special Collection 2
Special Collection 2: Determinants of Diverging Trends in Mortality is a set of papers stemming from the first seminar of the Committee on Emerging Health Threats (CEHT) of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), "Determ
Official population statistics and the Human Mortality Database estimates of populations aged 80+ in Germany and nine other European countries
A systematic comparison of the Human Mortality Database and official estimates of populations aged 80+ is presented. We consider statistical series for East and West Germany and also for Denmark, England and Wales, France, Finland, Hungary, the Netherl
Demography (54 works) · Population (47 works) · Health disparities and outcomes (42 works) · Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management (42 works) · Global Health Care Issues (41 works) · Medicine (41 works) · Sociology (34 works) · Geography (33 works) · Life expectancy (26 works) · Political science (23 works)