Jürgen Essletzbichler
Biographic Data
| ID | 961689 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jürgen Essletzbichler |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jürgen |
| FAMILY NAME | Essletzbichler |
| SIGNATURE | ESSLETZBICHLER J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Vienna University of Economics and Business |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2680-3691 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 29 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 292 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 29 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1998 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Geographical evolutionary political economy
This contribution argues that evolutionary economic geography needs to widen its conceptual apparatus in order to engage with the grand challenges of our times. Instead of understanding evolution as a gradual, path-dependent and geographically localized process, the current challenges result from various global political-economic transformations requiring an understanding of evolution as a outcome of variational and transformational change, the i…
Engaging with precarious urban futures
In order to answer the question posed by the conference Urban Europe, Precarious Futures? the article examines the relationship between rising precariousness,the need for social-ecological transformation to keep socio-ecological environments manageable for future generations of Europeans and the provision of urban reliance systems as the key pillar of a possible transformation toward life within the planetary boundaries. The article has four goal…
Red Vienna” and the rise of the populist right
While research on the spatial variation in populist right voting focuses on the role of “places left behind”, this paper examines the spatial distribution of populist right voting in one of the fastest growing capital cities of Europe, Vienna. Combining detailed electoral data of the 2017 national elections at the statistical ward level and the location of municipal housing units, the paper examines why the populist right “Austrian Freedom Party”…
Spatial variation in populist right voting in Austria, 2013–2017
The recent wave of populism sweeping Europe and the Americas generated considerable interest among political scientists, economists, sociologists and to some extent, geographers. The vast majority of these studies focuses on individual voter decisions or national comparisons over time but neglects the within-country spatial variation of the populist vote. This paper addresses this shortcoming and applies spatial econometric techniques to explore …
The victims of neoliberal globalisation and the rise of the populist vote
Recent presidential elections in the US and Austria as well as the referendum on Brexit in the UK delivered victories or near-victories for populist right-wing candidates or agendas. In all three cases, globalisation and European integration were blamed for higher immigration and pressure on public services, deindustrialisation and job losses, and the attack on traditional values by cosmopolitan elites supported by traditional centre parties that…
The evolution of specialization in the EU15 knowledge space
Significant attention has been directed to processes of knowledge production, but little consideration has been given to the type of technological knowledge produced within specific places. Patent co-classification data are employed to measure the distance between all pairs of International Patent Classification categories in order to visualize and to trace the evolution of the EU15 knowledge space from 1981 to 2005. Technological relatedness mea…
Inequality and the 1
While much of the literature on inequality is dominated by economists, technical and often inaccessible to a lay readership, Inequality and the 1% is written for a broader audience, documenting, pr
Relatedness, Industrial Branching and Technological Cohesion in US Metropolitan Areas
Essletzbichler J. Relatedness, industrial branching and technological cohesion in US metropolitan areas, Regional Studies. Work by evolutionary economic geographers on the role of industry relatedness for regional economic development is extended into a number of methodological and empirical directions. First, relatedness is measured as the intensity of input–output linkages between industries. Second, this measure is employed to examine industry…
Commentary
(no abstract available)
Renewable Energy Technology and Path Creation
This paper examines the potential contribution of UK regions for developing and deploying renewable energy technologies to achieve the government target of obtaining 20% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020. The paper argues for a multi-scalar approach to energy transition theory and policy. National-scale processes and policies need to be complemented by regional and local policies in order to discover and incorporate meso-level sources …
Darwin's Conjecture. The Search for General Principles of Social and Economic Evolution
Darwin's Conjecture. The Search for General Principles of Social and Economic Evolution, Geoffrey M. Hodgson and Thorbjorn Knudsen, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL (2010). xii + 290 pp. $4
The Evolution of Regional Labour Productivities in Japanese Manufacturing, 1968–2004
Essletzbichler J. and Kadokawa K. The evolution of regional labour productivities in Japanese manufacturing, 1968–2004. Regional Studies. The success of the Japanese economy in the post-war period was predicated on the rapid productivity catch-up of its manufacturing sector to Western economies, although productivity varied widely among Japanese regions. This paper examines the evolution of labour productivity in Japanese prefectures over the per…
Should Economic Geographers Count
With the rise of political economy and humanistic approaches in geography in the 1970s, quantitative geography was criticized for its positivist epistemology, its search for generalizations rather than local differentiation, its claim to objective research and the removal of the researcher from the research process, its reactionary political outlook and the inability to excite students. These criticisms have been echoed by 'cultural turn' economi…
Evolutionary Economic Geography, Institutions, and Political Economy
In this response to MacKinnon et al. (2009), I argue that the theoretical development of evolutionary economic geographies is necessary in order to evaluate its unique contribution to an understanding of the uneven development of the space economy; that the distinction between evolutionary and institutional economic geographies is overdrawn; that the neglect of class, power, and the state reflect empirical rather than theoretical shortcomings of …
Exploring evolutionary economic geographies
Evolutionary approaches in economics have gathered increasing support over the last 25 years. Despite an impressive body of literature, economists are still far from formulating a coherent research paradigm. The multitude of approaches in evolutionary economics poses problems for the development of an evolutionary economic geography. For the most part, evolutionary economic geography imports selective concepts from evolutionary biology and econom…
The Geography of Gross Employment Flows in British Manufacturing
This article offers a first attempt to examine subnational differences in the determinants of gross employment flows in the British manufacturing sector utilizing the Annual Respondents Dataset (ARD) of the Office of National Statistics. The article has four broad aims. First, it examines how the job creation and destruction process in British manufacturing compares with the processes in other countries. Second, it examines how much job creation …
Economic Geography
Technological variety, technological change and a geography of production techniques
How much heterogeneity in techniques of production exists within the economy, and how does that heterogeneity move over time? In this paper we show that the range of production techniques employed by establishments within individual manufacturing industries is large. We go on to show that technological heterogeneity persists over time: there is no evidence of convergence to best-practice or some other point in technology space. Next, we explore t…
Competition, Variety and the Geography of Technology Evolution
Change in evolutionary economics proceeds through the creative destruction of variety in firm characteristics. Firm routines, relational assets and the institutional environments in which firms operate shape the creation and destruction of variety. Despite the centrality of the concept of variety in evolutionary economics, analysis of the extent and the persistence of firm heterogeneity is rare. Notwithstanding the theoretical pronouncements of e…
Capitalist Competition and Evolutionary Change in Hudson's Producing Places
The Geography of Job Creation and Destruction in the U.S. Manufacturing Sector, 1967–1997
Much geographical research focuses on the causes of geographical differences in net employment change. While net employment change is an important indicator of regional growth and decline, it masks the underlying process of creative destruction resulting in tremendous employment turnover rates. Labor economists and those who work in industrial organization emphasize the importance of theorizing the individual processes of job creation and destruc…
From Mass Production to Flexible Specialization
ESSLETZBICHLER J. (2003) From mass production to flexible specialization: the sectoral and geographical extent of contract work in US manufacturing, 1963-1997, Reg. Studies 37, 753-771. Over the last two decades much work in economic geography focused on a fundamental reorganization of capitalist production summarized as shift from Fordist mass production to flexible specialization. Complementing this shift to flexible forms of production is the …
Agglomeration economies and productivity differences in US cities
Plant‐level data from the Longitudinal Research Database of the US Bureau of the Census are employed to estimate the impact of agglomeration economies on industry productivity across US metropolitan areas. This analysis seeks to remedy three shortcomings of previous empirical studies of agglomeration economies: reliance on aggregate spatial or sectoral data; lack of attention to spatial dependence in data; and representation of agglomeration econ…
The Impact of Industry Mix, Technological Change, Selection, and Plant Entry and Exit on Metropolitan Labor Productivity in the United States
This paper examines the impact of changes in industry mix, changes in technology, differential plant growth, plant entry and plant exit on metropolitan labor productivity growth between 1963 and 1997. Analysis is based upon unpublished plant-level data from the United States Bureau of the Census. We show that manufacturing productivity varies markedly between metropolitan areas in the United States. The most influential components of productivity…
Industrial and Regional Restructuring in the US Women's Dress Industry, 1963 - 92
In this paper we explore the impacts of competition on the US women's dress industry and examine the response of that industry in the form of technological change, industrial reorganization, and regional relocation. We demonstrate that women's dress producers adopted varying strategies to cope with competitive pressure at different time periods and in different places. In the 1960s, the dress industry was characterized by two main trends: technol…
Relatedness, Industrial Branching and Technological Cohesion in US Metropolitan Areas
Essletzbichler J. Relatedness, industrial branching and technological cohesion in US metropolitan areas, Regional Studies. Work by evolutionary economic geographers on the role of industry relatedness for regional economic development is extended into a number of methodological and empirical directions. First, relatedness is measured as the intensity of input–output linkages between industries. Second, this measure is employed to examine industry…
The victims of neoliberal globalisation and the rise of the populist vote
Recent presidential elections in the US and Austria as well as the referendum on Brexit in the UK delivered victories or near-victories for populist right-wing candidates or agendas. In all three cases, globalisation and European integration were blamed for higher immigration and pressure on public services, deindustrialisation and job losses, and the attack on traditional values by cosmopolitan elites supported by traditional centre parties that…
Exploring evolutionary economic geographies
Evolutionary approaches in economics have gathered increasing support over the last 25 years. Despite an impressive body of literature, economists are still far from formulating a coherent research paradigm. The multitude of approaches in evolutionary economics poses problems for the development of an evolutionary economic geography. For the most part, evolutionary economic geography imports selective concepts from evolutionary biology and econom…
Impacts of Industry Mix, Technological Change, Selection and Plant Entry/Exit on Regional Productivity Growth
RIGBY D. L. and ESSLETZBICHLER J. (2000) Impacts of industry mix, technological change, selection and plant entry/exit on regional productivity growth, Reg. Studies 34 , 333-342. In this paper we identify five sources of regional productivity growth: changes in industry mix; technological change by incumbent plants; selection, or changes in plant market shares; plant entry; and plant exit. These sources of productivity change are measured for US …
Technological variety, technological change and a geography of production techniques
How much heterogeneity in techniques of production exists within the economy, and how does that heterogeneity move over time? In this paper we show that the range of production techniques employed by establishments within individual manufacturing industries is large. We go on to show that technological heterogeneity persists over time: there is no evidence of convergence to best-practice or some other point in technology space. Next, we explore t…
Agglomeration economies and productivity differences in US cities
Plant‐level data from the Longitudinal Research Database of the US Bureau of the Census are employed to estimate the impact of agglomeration economies on industry productivity across US metropolitan areas. This analysis seeks to remedy three shortcomings of previous empirical studies of agglomeration economies: reliance on aggregate spatial or sectoral data; lack of attention to spatial dependence in data; and representation of agglomeration econ…
Red Vienna” and the rise of the populist right
While research on the spatial variation in populist right voting focuses on the role of “places left behind”, this paper examines the spatial distribution of populist right voting in one of the fastest growing capital cities of Europe, Vienna. Combining detailed electoral data of the 2017 national elections at the statistical ward level and the location of municipal housing units, the paper examines why the populist right “Austrian Freedom Party”…
Evolutionary Economic Geography, Institutions, and Political Economy
In this response to MacKinnon et al. (2009), I argue that the theoretical development of evolutionary economic geographies is necessary in order to evaluate its unique contribution to an understanding of the uneven development of the space economy; that the distinction between evolutionary and institutional economic geographies is overdrawn; that the neglect of class, power, and the state reflect empirical rather than theoretical shortcomings of …
Competition, Variety and the Geography of Technology Evolution
Change in evolutionary economics proceeds through the creative destruction of variety in firm characteristics. Firm routines, relational assets and the institutional environments in which firms operate shape the creation and destruction of variety. Despite the centrality of the concept of variety in evolutionary economics, analysis of the extent and the persistence of firm heterogeneity is rare. Notwithstanding the theoretical pronouncements of e…
Regional technological change and path dependency in the danish food processing industry
Evolutionary theories of technological change arguably exert the greatest impact on our understanding of technological change. According to evolutionary economic theory the process of technological change is driven by the continual creation of technological variety through innovation and innovative firm entry and the destruction of variety through the processes of imitation (diffusion), selection and plant exit. This joint process of variety crea…
The evolution of specialization in the EU15 knowledge space
Significant attention has been directed to processes of knowledge production, but little consideration has been given to the type of technological knowledge produced within specific places. Patent co-classification data are employed to measure the distance between all pairs of International Patent Classification categories in order to visualize and to trace the evolution of the EU15 knowledge space from 1981 to 2005. Technological relatedness mea…
The Geography of Gross Employment Flows in British Manufacturing
This article offers a first attempt to examine subnational differences in the determinants of gross employment flows in the British manufacturing sector utilizing the Annual Respondents Dataset (ARD) of the Office of National Statistics. The article has four broad aims. First, it examines how the job creation and destruction process in British manufacturing compares with the processes in other countries. Second, it examines how much job creation …
Geographical evolutionary political economy
This contribution argues that evolutionary economic geography needs to widen its conceptual apparatus in order to engage with the grand challenges of our times. Instead of understanding evolution as a gradual, path-dependent and geographically localized process, the current challenges result from various global political-economic transformations requiring an understanding of evolution as a outcome of variational and transformational change, the i…
Spatial variation in populist right voting in Austria, 2013–2017
The recent wave of populism sweeping Europe and the Americas generated considerable interest among political scientists, economists, sociologists and to some extent, geographers. The vast majority of these studies focuses on individual voter decisions or national comparisons over time but neglects the within-country spatial variation of the populist vote. This paper addresses this shortcoming and applies spatial econometric techniques to explore …
The Geography of Job Creation and Destruction in the U.S. Manufacturing Sector, 1967–1997
Much geographical research focuses on the causes of geographical differences in net employment change. While net employment change is an important indicator of regional growth and decline, it masks the underlying process of creative destruction resulting in tremendous employment turnover rates. Labor economists and those who work in industrial organization emphasize the importance of theorizing the individual processes of job creation and destruc…
Industrial and Regional Restructuring in the US Women's Dress Industry, 1963 - 92
In this paper we explore the impacts of competition on the US women's dress industry and examine the response of that industry in the form of technological change, industrial reorganization, and regional relocation. We demonstrate that women's dress producers adopted varying strategies to cope with competitive pressure at different time periods and in different places. In the 1960s, the dress industry was characterized by two main trends: technol…
The Evolution of Regional Labour Productivities in Japanese Manufacturing, 1968–2004
Essletzbichler J. and Kadokawa K. The evolution of regional labour productivities in Japanese manufacturing, 1968–2004. Regional Studies. The success of the Japanese economy in the post-war period was predicated on the rapid productivity catch-up of its manufacturing sector to Western economies, although productivity varied widely among Japanese regions. This paper examines the evolution of labour productivity in Japanese prefectures over the per…
From Mass Production to Flexible Specialization
ESSLETZBICHLER J. (2003) From mass production to flexible specialization: the sectoral and geographical extent of contract work in US manufacturing, 1963-1997, Reg. Studies 37, 753-771. Over the last two decades much work in economic geography focused on a fundamental reorganization of capitalist production summarized as shift from Fordist mass production to flexible specialization. Complementing this shift to flexible forms of production is the …
Regional dynamics of technical change in the U.S. structural fabricated metals industry
Engaging with precarious urban futures
In order to answer the question posed by the conference Urban Europe, Precarious Futures? the article examines the relationship between rising precariousness,the need for social-ecological transformation to keep socio-ecological environments manageable for future generations of Europeans and the provision of urban reliance systems as the key pillar of a possible transformation toward life within the planetary boundaries. The article has four goal…
Commentary
(no abstract available)
Darwin's Conjecture. The Search for General Principles of Social and Economic Evolution
Darwin's Conjecture. The Search for General Principles of Social and Economic Evolution, Geoffrey M. Hodgson and Thorbjorn Knudsen, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL (2010). xii + 290 pp. $4
The Austrian Association for Radical Geography
Should Economic Geographers Count
With the rise of political economy and humanistic approaches in geography in the 1970s, quantitative geography was criticized for its positivist epistemology, its search for generalizations rather than local differentiation, its claim to objective research and the removal of the researcher from the research process, its reactionary political outlook and the inability to excite students. These criticisms have been echoed by 'cultural turn' economi…
The Impact of Industry Mix, Technological Change, Selection, and Plant Entry and Exit on Metropolitan Labor Productivity in the United States
This paper examines the impact of changes in industry mix, changes in technology, differential plant growth, plant entry and plant exit on metropolitan labor productivity growth between 1963 and 1997. Analysis is based upon unpublished plant-level data from the United States Bureau of the Census. We show that manufacturing productivity varies markedly between metropolitan areas in the United States. The most influential components of productivity…
Regional dynamics of technical change in the U.S. structural fabricated metals industry
Regional technological change and path dependency in the danish food processing industry
Evolutionary theories of technological change arguably exert the greatest impact on our understanding of technological change. According to evolutionary economic theory the process of technological change is driven by the continual creation of technological variety through innovation and innovative firm entry and the destruction of variety through the processes of imitation (diffusion), selection and plant exit. This joint process of variety crea…
The Austrian Association for Radical Geography
Impacts of Industry Mix, Technological Change, Selection and Plant Entry/Exit on Regional Productivity Growth
RIGBY D. L. and ESSLETZBICHLER J. (2000) Impacts of industry mix, technological change, selection and plant entry/exit on regional productivity growth, Reg. Studies 34 , 333-342. In this paper we identify five sources of regional productivity growth: changes in industry mix; technological change by incumbent plants; selection, or changes in plant market shares; plant entry; and plant exit. These sources of productivity change are measured for US …
Industrial and Regional Restructuring in the US Women's Dress Industry, 1963 - 92
In this paper we explore the impacts of competition on the US women's dress industry and examine the response of that industry in the form of technological change, industrial reorganization, and regional relocation. We demonstrate that women's dress producers adopted varying strategies to cope with competitive pressure at different time periods and in different places. In the 1960s, the dress industry was characterized by two main trends: technol…
Agglomeration economies and productivity differences in US cities
Plant‐level data from the Longitudinal Research Database of the US Bureau of the Census are employed to estimate the impact of agglomeration economies on industry productivity across US metropolitan areas. This analysis seeks to remedy three shortcomings of previous empirical studies of agglomeration economies: reliance on aggregate spatial or sectoral data; lack of attention to spatial dependence in data; and representation of agglomeration econ…
The Impact of Industry Mix, Technological Change, Selection, and Plant Entry and Exit on Metropolitan Labor Productivity in the United States
This paper examines the impact of changes in industry mix, changes in technology, differential plant growth, plant entry and plant exit on metropolitan labor productivity growth between 1963 and 1997. Analysis is based upon unpublished plant-level data from the United States Bureau of the Census. We show that manufacturing productivity varies markedly between metropolitan areas in the United States. The most influential components of productivity…
From Mass Production to Flexible Specialization
ESSLETZBICHLER J. (2003) From mass production to flexible specialization: the sectoral and geographical extent of contract work in US manufacturing, 1963-1997, Reg. Studies 37, 753-771. Over the last two decades much work in economic geography focused on a fundamental reorganization of capitalist production summarized as shift from Fordist mass production to flexible specialization. Complementing this shift to flexible forms of production is the …
Capitalist Competition and Evolutionary Change in Hudson's Producing Places
The Geography of Job Creation and Destruction in the U.S. Manufacturing Sector, 1967–1997
Much geographical research focuses on the causes of geographical differences in net employment change. While net employment change is an important indicator of regional growth and decline, it masks the underlying process of creative destruction resulting in tremendous employment turnover rates. Labor economists and those who work in industrial organization emphasize the importance of theorizing the individual processes of job creation and destruc…
Technological variety, technological change and a geography of production techniques
How much heterogeneity in techniques of production exists within the economy, and how does that heterogeneity move over time? In this paper we show that the range of production techniques employed by establishments within individual manufacturing industries is large. We go on to show that technological heterogeneity persists over time: there is no evidence of convergence to best-practice or some other point in technology space. Next, we explore t…
Competition, Variety and the Geography of Technology Evolution
Change in evolutionary economics proceeds through the creative destruction of variety in firm characteristics. Firm routines, relational assets and the institutional environments in which firms operate shape the creation and destruction of variety. Despite the centrality of the concept of variety in evolutionary economics, analysis of the extent and the persistence of firm heterogeneity is rare. Notwithstanding the theoretical pronouncements of e…
Exploring evolutionary economic geographies
Evolutionary approaches in economics have gathered increasing support over the last 25 years. Despite an impressive body of literature, economists are still far from formulating a coherent research paradigm. The multitude of approaches in evolutionary economics poses problems for the development of an evolutionary economic geography. For the most part, evolutionary economic geography imports selective concepts from evolutionary biology and econom…
The Geography of Gross Employment Flows in British Manufacturing
This article offers a first attempt to examine subnational differences in the determinants of gross employment flows in the British manufacturing sector utilizing the Annual Respondents Dataset (ARD) of the Office of National Statistics. The article has four broad aims. First, it examines how the job creation and destruction process in British manufacturing compares with the processes in other countries. Second, it examines how much job creation …
Economic Geography
Should Economic Geographers Count
With the rise of political economy and humanistic approaches in geography in the 1970s, quantitative geography was criticized for its positivist epistemology, its search for generalizations rather than local differentiation, its claim to objective research and the removal of the researcher from the research process, its reactionary political outlook and the inability to excite students. These criticisms have been echoed by 'cultural turn' economi…
Evolutionary Economic Geography, Institutions, and Political Economy
In this response to MacKinnon et al. (2009), I argue that the theoretical development of evolutionary economic geographies is necessary in order to evaluate its unique contribution to an understanding of the uneven development of the space economy; that the distinction between evolutionary and institutional economic geographies is overdrawn; that the neglect of class, power, and the state reflect empirical rather than theoretical shortcomings of …
The Evolution of Regional Labour Productivities in Japanese Manufacturing, 1968–2004
Essletzbichler J. and Kadokawa K. The evolution of regional labour productivities in Japanese manufacturing, 1968–2004. Regional Studies. The success of the Japanese economy in the post-war period was predicated on the rapid productivity catch-up of its manufacturing sector to Western economies, although productivity varied widely among Japanese regions. This paper examines the evolution of labour productivity in Japanese prefectures over the per…
Darwin's Conjecture. The Search for General Principles of Social and Economic Evolution
Darwin's Conjecture. The Search for General Principles of Social and Economic Evolution, Geoffrey M. Hodgson and Thorbjorn Knudsen, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL (2010). xii + 290 pp. $4
Renewable Energy Technology and Path Creation
This paper examines the potential contribution of UK regions for developing and deploying renewable energy technologies to achieve the government target of obtaining 20% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020. The paper argues for a multi-scalar approach to energy transition theory and policy. National-scale processes and policies need to be complemented by regional and local policies in order to discover and incorporate meso-level sources …
Relatedness, Industrial Branching and Technological Cohesion in US Metropolitan Areas
Essletzbichler J. Relatedness, industrial branching and technological cohesion in US metropolitan areas, Regional Studies. Work by evolutionary economic geographers on the role of industry relatedness for regional economic development is extended into a number of methodological and empirical directions. First, relatedness is measured as the intensity of input–output linkages between industries. Second, this measure is employed to examine industry…
Commentary
(no abstract available)
The evolution of specialization in the EU15 knowledge space
Significant attention has been directed to processes of knowledge production, but little consideration has been given to the type of technological knowledge produced within specific places. Patent co-classification data are employed to measure the distance between all pairs of International Patent Classification categories in order to visualize and to trace the evolution of the EU15 knowledge space from 1981 to 2005. Technological relatedness mea…
Inequality and the 1
While much of the literature on inequality is dominated by economists, technical and often inaccessible to a lay readership, Inequality and the 1% is written for a broader audience, documenting, pr
The victims of neoliberal globalisation and the rise of the populist vote
Recent presidential elections in the US and Austria as well as the referendum on Brexit in the UK delivered victories or near-victories for populist right-wing candidates or agendas. In all three cases, globalisation and European integration were blamed for higher immigration and pressure on public services, deindustrialisation and job losses, and the attack on traditional values by cosmopolitan elites supported by traditional centre parties that…
Economics (25 works) · Economic geography (22 works) · Geography (17 works) · Political science (12 works) · Sociology (12 works) · Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis (11 works) · Business (9 works) · Computer Science (9 works) · Politics (9 works) · Economic growth (8 works)