Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Can Regional Gender Ideologies Account for Variation of Gender Pay Gaps? The Case of Germany

Bibliographic Data

ID16901366
AuthorsMaik Hamjediers (0000-0002-7888-0189, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, corresponding author)
Year2021
Volume10
Issue9
Pages347
Publication date2021-09-17
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueSocial Sciences (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2076-0760 • E-ISSN: 2076-0760
PublisherMDPI AG (PUBLISHER • IT)
DOI10.3390/socsci10090347
OpenAlexW3199773055
LanguageEN
Citations received2
References cited76

While research often invokes gender disparities in wage-determining characteristics to explain gender pay gaps, why these gender disparities and gender pay gaps vary across contexts has received less attention. Therefore, I analyze how subnational gender ideologies predict gender pay gaps in two ways: as directly affecting gender pay gaps and as indirectly predicting gender pay gaps through intermediate gender disparities in determinants of wage. The analyses are based on German survey data (SOEP 2014–2018) supplemented with regional-level statistics. First, I leverage regional differences in predictors of gender ideologies to estimate region-specific gender ideologies. Mapping these gender ideologies across Germany reveals substantial regional variation. Second, multi-level models provide region-specific gender disparities in wage determinants and gender pay gaps. Results reveal that traditional gender ideologies are associated with women gaining less labor market experience and working less often in full-time jobs or supervising positions. In addition to this indirect association, gender ideologies directly predict the extent of adjusted gender pay gaps. These associations contribute novel evidence on regional variation of gender ideologies and how they can underlie explanations often invoked for gender pay gaps

Demographic economics · Doing gender · Economics · Gender gap · Gender pay gap · Gender role · Geography · German · Ideology · Labour economics · Political science · Regional variation · Wage · Gender Diversity and Inequality · Psychology · Social Policy and Reform Studies · Social Psychology · Work-Family Balance Challenges

  • Gender Ideologies and Workplace Diversity Policies

    Open Access•Eileen Peters, Anja-Kristin Abendroth•Work Employment and Society•2025

  • Converging mothers' employment trajectories between East and West Germany? A focus on the 2008-childcare-reform

    Open Access•Fauser, Emanuela Struffolino et al.•Journal of Marriage and the Family•2025

  • Occupational Ghettos

    Maria Charles, David B Grusky•Occupational Ghettos•2004

  • A Meta-Analysis of the International Gender Wage Gap

    Open Access•Doris Weichselbaumer, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer•Journal of Economic Surveys•2005

  • Unequal Pay or Unequal Employment? A Cross‐Country Analysis of Gender Gaps

    Claudia Olivetti, Barbara Petrongolo•Journal of Labor Economics•2008

  • Women, Work, and Culture

    Open Access•Raquel Fernández-González, Raquel Fernández•Journal of the European Economic…•2007

  • Gender and the labor market

    Open Access•Ghazala Azmat, Barbara Petrongolo•Labour Economics•2014

  • The SLX Model

    Open Access•Sol Maria Halleck Vega, Solmaria Halleck Vega et al.•Journal of Regional Science•2015

  • Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.

    Alice H Eagly, Steven J Karau•Psychological Review•2002

  • The Gender Wage Gap

    Francine D Blau, Lawrence M Kahn•Journal of Economic Literature•2017

  • On the Pooling of Time Series and Cross Section Data

    Yair Mundlak•Econometrica•1978

  • A Grand Gender Convergence

    Claudia Goldin•American Economic Review•2014

  • Die berufliche Geschlechtersegregation in Deutschland

    Open Access•Anne Busch•Die berufliche Geschlechtersegregat…•2013

  • The German Socio-Economic Panel (Soep)

    Open Access•Jan Goebel, Markus M Grabka et al.•Jahrbucher fur Nationalokonomie…•2019

  • Handbook of the Sociology of Gender

    Open Access•Barbara J Risman, Carissa M Froyum et al.•Handbook of the Sociology of Gender•2018

  • The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy

    Susan Averett, Susan L Averett et al.•Oxford Handbook of Women and the…•2017

  • Gender Identity and Relative Income within Households

    Marianne Bertrand, Emir Kamenica et al.•The Quarterly Journal of Economics•2015

  • Gender Role Attitudes and the Labour-market Outcomes of Women across OECD Countries

    Nicole M Fortin•Oxford Review of Economic Policy•2005

  • Children and Gender Inequality

    Henrik Kleven, Camille Landais et al.•American Economic Journal Applied…•2019

  • Changes in the gender structure

    Open Access•W J Scarborough, Barbara J Risman•Sociology Compass•2017

  • European parents’ attitudes towards public childcare provision

    Open Access•Heejung Chung, Bart Meuleman•European Societies•2016

  • What Makes a “Good Job”? Gender Role Attitudes and Job Preferences in Sweden

    Open Access•Gayle Kaufman, Damian F White et al.•Gender Issues•2015

  • A Tale of Two Gender Roles

    Open Access•Lindsay Rice, Joan M Barth•Gender Issues•2016

  • Gender Wage Inequalities Between Historical Heritage and Structural Adjustments

    Open Access•Lara Minkus, Anne Busch-Heizmann•Social Politics International…•2018

  • Approval of equal rights and gender differences in well-being

    Open Access•Rafael Lalive, Alois Stutzer•Journal of Population Economics•2009

  • The Gender Pay Gap

    Open Access•Hilary M Lips•Sex Roles•2012

  • Spatial Variation in U.S. Labor Markets and Workplace Gender Segregation

    Open Access•Tiffany Taylor, Brianna Turgeon et al.•Sociological Inquiry•2019

  • Is There a Gap in the Gap? Regional Differences in the Gender Pay Gap

    Open Access•Bertrand Hirsch, Marion König et al.•Scottish Journal of Political…•2013

  • Der Einfluss der beruflichen Geschlechtersegregation auf den „Gender Pay Gap“

    Open Access•Anne Busch•KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für…•2013

  • Gleichheit durch Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen

    Open Access•Eileen Peters, Jil Drobe et al.•KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für…•2020

  • Ist die Geschlechterrolleneinstellung entscheidend? Die Wirkung länderspezifischer Geschlechterkulturen auf die Erwerbsarbeitszeiten von Frauen

    Open Access•Angelika Kümmerling, Dominik Postels•KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für…•2020

  • Bonus oder Bias

    Open Access•Juliane Achatz, Hermann Gartner et al.•KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für…•2005

  • The just gender pay gap in Germany revisited

    Open Access•Volker Lang, Martin Gro et al.•Research in Social Stratification…•2020

  • Geschlecht und Schulerfolg

    Open Access•Gudrun Quenzel, Klaus Hurrelmann•KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für…•2010

  • Gender Ideologies in Europe

    Open Access•Daniela Grunow, K Begall et al.•Journal of Marriage and the Family•2018

  • The Effect of Priming Gender Roles on Women's Implicit Gender Beliefs and Career Aspirations

    Laurie A Rudman, Julie E Phelan•Social Psychology•2010

  • Macro-level Gender Inequality and the Division of Household Labor in 22 Countries

    Open Access•Makiko Fuwa•American Sociological Review•2004

  • Capturing Culture

    Open Access•Javier Polavieja, Javier G Polavieja•American Sociological Review•2015

  • Constraints into Preferences

    Open Access•J Correll, Shelley J Correll•American Sociological Review•2004

  • Why Should Women Get Less? Evidence on the Gender Pay Gap from Multifactorial Survey Experiments

    Open Access•Katrin Auspurg, Thomas Hinz et al.•American Sociological Review•2017

  • Gender identity and wives' labor market outcomes in West and East Germany between 1983 and 2016

    Open Access•Maximilian Sprengholz, Anna Wieber et al.•Socio-Economic Review•2022

  • The Decline of the Male Breadwinner and Persistence of the Female Carer

    Alice Evans•Annals of the American…•2016

  • Feminist Attitudes and Support for Gender Equality

    Catherine Bolzendahl, C I Bolzendahl et al.•Social Forces•2004

  • Doing Gender

    Open Access•Candace West, Don H Zimmerman•Gender & Society•1987

  • Gendered Places

    Open Access•W J Scarborough, Ray Sin•Gender & Society•2020

  • Masculinity and the Stalled Revolution

    Open Access•Thebaud, Sarah Thébaud et al.•Gender & Society•2016

  • Small Area Estimation of Latent Economic Well-being

    Open Access•Angelo Moretti, Natalie Shlomo et al.•Sociological Methods & Research•2021

  • Deciphering Sex Segregation

    Open Access•Maria Charles•Acta Sociologica•2003

  • Norms

    C Horne, Mollborn et al.•Annual Review of Sociology•2020

  • Gender Ideology

    N Davis, Shannon N Davis et al.•Annual Review of Sociology•2009

  • Public Child-Care Expansion and Changing Gender Ideologies of Parents in Germany

    Open Access•G Zoch, Pia S Schober•Journal of Marriage and the Family•2018

  • Changing Gender Norms and Marriage Dynamics in the United States

    Open Access•L Pessin•Journal of Marriage and the Family•2018

  • The Effect of Regional Gender-Role Attitudes on Female Labour Supply

    Open Access•Wilfred Uunk, P M Lersch•European Sociological Review•2019

  • Do Gender Roles and Norms Affect Performance in Maths? The Impact of Adolescents' and their Peers' Gender Conceptions on Maths Grades

    Zerrin Salikutluk, Stefanie Heyne•European Sociological Review•2017

  • Smaller Differences in Bigger Cities? Assessing the Regional Dimension of the Gender Wage Gap

    Natascha Nisic•European Sociological Review•2017

  • The Rise and Decline of the Male Breadwinner Model

    H Trappe, Matthias Pollmann‐schult et al.•European Sociological Review•2015

  • How Do Changes in Gender Role Attitudes Towards Female Employment Influence Fertility? A Macro-Level Analysis

    Open Access•Bruno Arpino, G Esping-Andersen et al.•European Sociological Review•2015

  • Occupational Aspirations and the Gender Gap in Wages

    Silke Aisenbrey, Aisenbrey et al.•European Sociological Review•2008

  • Beliefs about Women's Labour in the Reunified Germany, 1991 2004

    K S Lee, Duane F Alwin et al.•European Sociological Review•2007

  • Thirty Years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall-Do East and West Germans Still Differ in Their Attitudes to Female Employment and the Division of Housework

    Open Access•G Zoch•European Sociological Review•2021

  • The Persistence of Extreme Gender Segregation in the Twenty-first Century

    Asaf Levanon, David B Grusky•American Journal of Sociology•2016

  • The Making of a Good Woman

    Markus Gangl, Andrea Ziefle•American Journal of Sociology•2015

  • The transformation of US gender role attitudes

    Open Access•Clem Brooks, Catherine Bolzendahl•Social Science Research•2004

  • Birth cohort, ageing and gender ideology

    Open Access•F Perales, P M Lersch et al.•Social Science Research•2019

  • Measures of gender role attitudes under revision

    Open Access•Jessica Gabriele Walter•Social Science Research•2018

Unique citing works2
Citations per year2
Citation span2025 - 2025 (1)
Citation velocityrecent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 2
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae