Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Socially Assistive Robots in Mental Healthcare

Principles and Conceptual Framework for User-Centered Design

Bibliographic Data

ID21199762
AuthorsHan Wool Jung (0000-0001-8294-5451, Yonsei University), Jin Young Park (0000-0002-5351-9549, Yonsei University, corresponding author), Todd Holoubek (Yonsei University), Woo Jung Kim (0000-0002-4963-4819, Yonsei University), Jaesub Park (0000-0003-2597-2204, Yonsei University)
Year2025
Volume17
Issue11
Pages2827-2851
Publication date2025-11-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueInternational Journal of Social Robotics (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1875-4791 • E-ISSN: 1875-4805
PublisherSpringer Science and Business Media LLC (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1007/s12369-025-01323-5
OpenAlexW4414330458
LanguageEN
References cited186

Socially assistive robots (SARs) have a strong potential to advance digital mental healthcare, if they become able to promote meaningful interactions based on the user-centered approach. This review provides a comprehensive overview of user-centered design principles for SARs in mental healthcare, focusing on contemporary topics and practical guidelines. Successful SARs should enhance user autonomy, competence, and emotional experiences as their core objectives. Effective SAR design may integrate adaptive decision-making based on multimodal interactions, adequate motivation such as reward systems or gamification, contextual design, and participatory design for the personalized care that aligns with user needs. For long-term interactions, careful role setting such as mimicking human relationships and trust building are also recommended for in-depth user care. Evaluation of SARs incorporates holistic, multidimensional criteria including self-reports, behavioral data, physiological signals, and qualitative examinations to measure treatment effectiveness, user experiences, and safety, which ideally lead to iterative evaluation and refinement processes. Finally, recent breakthroughs in large language models (LLMs) have the potential to significantly boost SAR autonomy, level of personalization, and user engagement, but they also raise ethical risks such as user overdependence and compromised user autonomy, which may be addressed through person-centered principles, rigorous ethical/regulatory oversight, and evidence-based validation. Future roadmaps for SARs in mental healthcare emphasize integrated guidelines, responsible AI governance, and continued interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure safe and effective therapeutic care

Citizen journalism · Conceptual design · Conceptual framework · Human–robot interaction · Mechatronics · Mental health · Participatory design · Robot · User experience design · Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems · Digital Mental Health Interventions · Social Robot Interaction and HRI

  • Participatory design and "democratizing innovation"

    Open Access•Erling Björgvinsson, Pelle Ehn et al.•Proceedings of the 11th Biennial…•2010

  • Socially Assistive Robotics

    Open Access•David Feil-Seifer, Maja Matarić et al.•IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine•2011

  • An Empirical Evaluation of the System Usability Scale

    Aaron Bangor, Philip Kortum et al.•International Journal of…•2008

  • Trust in Automation

    Open Access•Kevin A Hoff, Masooda Bashir•Human Factors: The Journal of the…•2015

  • Understanding and Promoting Effective Engagement With Digital Behavior Change Interventions

    Open Access•Liz Yardley, Lucy Yardley et al.•American Journal of Preventive…•2016

  • The Person-Based Approach to Intervention Development

    Open Access•Liz Yardley, Linda Morrison et al.•Journal of Medical Internet…•2015

  • The growing field of digital psychiatry

    Open Access•John Torous, Sandra Bucci et al.•World Psychiatry•2021

  • The Uncanny Valley [From the Field]

    Open Access•Masahiro Mori, Karl F Macdorman et al.•IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine•2012

  • Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions (Jitais) in Mobile Health

    Open Access•Inbal Nahum-Shani, Inbal Nahum‐Shani et al.•Annals of Behavioral Medicine•2018

  • Barriers to and Facilitators of User Engagement With Digital Mental Health Interventions

    Open Access•Judith Borghouts, Elizabeth V Eikey et al.•Journal of Medical Internet…•2021

  • Participatory design

    Open Access•Michael Müller, Michael J Muller et al.•Communications of the ACM•1993

  • Your Robot Therapist Will See You Now

    Open Access•Amelia Fiske, Peter Henningsen et al.•Journal of Medical Internet…•2019

  • Gamification in theory and action

    Open Access•Katie Seaborn, Deborah I Fels•International Journal of…•2015

  • A Mass-Produced Sociable Humanoid Robot

    Open Access•Amit Kumar Pandey, Rodolphe Gélin•IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine•2018

  • Is it all a game? Understanding the principles of gamification

    Open Access•Karen Robson, Kirk Plangger et al.•Business Horizons•2015

  • A systematic review of gamification in e-Health

    Open Access•Lamyae Sardi, Ali Idri et al.•Journal of Biomedical Informatics•2017

  • A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of anthropomorphism in human-robot interaction

    Eileen Roesler, Dietrich Manzey et al.•Science Robotics•2021

  • Transdiagnostic approaches to mental health problems

    Tim Dalgleish, Melissa Black et al.•Journal of Consulting and…•2020

  • User Acceptance of Information Technology

    Viswanath Venkatesh, Venkatesh Venkatesh et al.•MIS Quarterly•2003

  • Ecological Momentary Assessment

    Saul Shiffman, Arthur A Stone et al.•Annual Review of Clinical…•2008

  • Toward Personalized Affect-Aware Socially Assistive Robot Tutors for Long-Term Interventions with Children with Autism

    Open Access•Zhonghao Shi, Thomas R Groechel et al.•ACM Transactions on Human-Robot…•2022

  • Satisfied or Frustrated? A Qualitative Analysis of Need Satisfying and Need Frustrating Experiences of Engaging With Digital Health Technology in Chronic Care

    Open Access•Carolina Wannheden, Terese Stenfors et al.•Frontiers in Public Health•2021

  • Impact of Gamification on Motivation and Academic Performance

    Open Access•Lorena Jaramillo-Mediavilla, Andrea Basantes-Andrade et al.•Education Sciences•2024

  • Do Anthropomorphic Chatbots Increase Counseling Satisfaction and Reuse Intention? The Moderated Mediation of Social Rapport and Social Anxiety

    Open Access•Gain Park, Seyoung Lee et al.•Cyberpsychology Behavior and…•2023

  • Do you feel safe with your robot? Factors influencing perceived safety in human-robot interaction based on subjective and objective measures

    Open Access•Neziha Akalın, Neziha Akalin et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Social robots and gamification for technology supported learning

    Open Access•Melissa Donnermann, Martina Lein et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2021

  • Effects of Explainable Artificial Intelligence on trust and human behavior in a high-risk decision task

    Open Access•Benedikt Leichtmann, Christina Humer et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2023

  • User Experience Methods in Research and Practice

    Open Access•Candice Lanius, Ryan Weber et al.•Journal of Technical Writing and…•2021

  • A Systematic Literature Review of Decision-Making and Control Systems for Autonomous and Social Robots

    Open Access•Marcos Maroto‐Gómez, Fernándo Alonso-Martín et al.•International Journal of Social…•2023

  • Differential Outcomes Training of Visuospatial Memory

    Open Access•Alva Markelius, Sofia Sjöberg et al.•International Journal of Social…•2024

  • A Taxonomy of Factors Influencing Perceived Safety in Human–Robot Interaction

    Open Access•Neziha Akalın, Andrey Kiselev et al.•International Journal of Social…•2023

  • Building Long-Term Human–Robot Relationships

    Open Access•Guy Laban, Arvid Kappas et al.•International Journal of Social…•2024

  • A Holistic Approach to Behavior Adaptation for Socially Assistive Robots

    Open Access•Alessandro Umbrico, Amedeo Cesta et al.•International Journal of Social…•2020

  • Integrating Social Assistive Robots, IoT, Virtual Communities and Smart Objects to Assist at-Home Independently Living Elders

    Open Access•Matteo Luperto, Javier Monroy et al.•International Journal of Social…•2023

  • Artificial intelligence and counseling

    Open Access•Russell Fulmer•Theory & Psychology•2019

  • Social Robots for Supporting Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment

    Open Access•Guy Laban, Ziv Ben-Zion et al.•Frontiers in Psychiatry•2022

  • Waiting for a digital therapist

    Open Access•J P Grodniewicz, Mateusz Hohol•Frontiers in Psychiatry•2023

  • Considerations for Designing Context-Aware Mobile Apps for Mental Health Interventions

    Open Access•I Miralles, Carlos Granell•International Journal of…•2019

  • Too human and not human enough

    Open Access•Linnea Laestadius, Andrea Bishop et al.•New Media & Society•2022

  • The ethical issues of social assistive robotics

    Open Access•Júlia Pareto Boada, Begoña Román Maestre et al.•Technology in Society•2021

  • Reward, distraction, and the overjustification effect

    Timothy W Smith, Thane S Pittman•Journal of Personality and Social…•1978

  • Using Socially Assistive Robots in Speech-Language Therapy for Children with Language Impairments

    Open Access•Micol Spitale, Silvia Silleresi et al.•International Journal of Social…•2023

  • Context-Enhanced Human-Robot Interaction

    Open Access•Yuan Feng, Giulia Perugia et al.•International Journal of Social…•2021

  • Assistive Robots for the Social Management of Health

    Open Access•Meia Chita-Tegmark, Matthias Scheutz•International Journal of Social…•2020

  • An Ethical Evaluation of Human–Robot Relationships

    Open Access•Maartje M A de Graaf•International Journal of Social…•2016

  • A Taxonomy to Structure and Analyze Human–Robot Interaction

    Open Access•Linda Onnasch, Eileen Roesler•International Journal of Social…•2020

  • Mutual Shaping in the Design of Socially Assistive Robots

    Open Access•Katie Winkle, Praminda Caleb-Solly et al.•International Journal of Social…•2019

  • Evaluating the Engagement with Social Robots

    Open Access•Salvatore M Anzalone, Sofiane Boucenna et al.•International Journal of Social…•2015

  • Learning and Personalizing Socially Assistive Robot Behaviors to Aid with Activities of Daily Living

    Open Access•Christina Moro, Goldie Nejat et al.•ACM Transactions on Human-Robot…•2018

  • Humanization of robots

    Open Access•Jean-Christophe Giger, Nuno Piçarra et al.•Human Behavior and Emerging…•2019

  • Reward-driven distraction

    Dorottya Rusz, Mike E Le Pelley et al.•Psychological Bulletin•2020

Citation velocityhistorical
Highly citedNo
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae