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The qualitative research audit trail

A complex collection of documentation

Bibliographic Data

ID23316200
AuthorsBeth L Rodgers (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, corresponding author), Kathleen V Cowles (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)
Year1993
Volume16
Issue3
Pages219-226
Publication date1993-06-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueResearch in Nursing & Health (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0160-6891 • E-ISSN: 1098-240X
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1002/nur.4770160309
PMID8497674
OpenAlexW2065186812
LanguageEN
Citations received124
References cited9

A qualitative study typically involves a large volume of researcher‐generated data, including notes about the context of the study, methodological decisions, data analysis procedures, and self‐awareness of the researcher. Such data are important in many aspects of the study, particularly in the development of an audit trail to substantiate trustworthiness. Unfortunately, there is little information available to assist researchers in generating the needed documentation. In this article, we discuss the types of data that contribute to credible investigations. Strategies for maintaining effective records in qualitative studies are included, along with examples from our own research. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Audit · Audit trail · Business · Context (archaeology) · Data collection · Data science · Documentation · Geography · Internet privacy · Qualitative research · Sociology · Trustworthiness · Accounting · Computer Science · Evaluation and Performance Assessment · Psychology · Qualitative Research Methods and Applications · Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics

  • Counselors as Advocates

    Open Access•Lisa M Edwards, Kevin A Tate et al.•Journal for Social Action in…•2017

  • Finding strength, comfort, and purpose in spirituality after homicide

    Shannon K Johnson, Marilyn Peterson Armour•Psychology of Religion and…•2016

  • Voluntary, Survivor-Centered Advocacy in Domestic Violence Agencies

    Open Access•Leila Wood, Dessie Clark et al.•Advances in Social Work•2020

  • The Preservation of Order

    Open Access•Per Enarsson, Per-Olof Sandman et al.•Qualitative Health Research•2007

  • Writing the Proposal for a Qualitative Research Methodology Project

    Open Access•Margarete Sandelowski, Julie Barroso•Qualitative Health Research•2003

  • Governing through community allegiance

    Open Access•Adrian Guta, Sarah Flicker et al.•Critical Public Health•2013

  • Older Women Caring for Spouses With Alzheimer’s Disease at Home

    Olimpia Paun•Health Care For Women International•2003

  • Treatment decision-making during the early stages of heart attack

    Open Access•Alexander M Clark•Sociology of Health & Illness•2001

  • Achieving a Shared Vision for Girls' Health in a Low-Income Community

    McCall Miller, M Elizabeth Miller et al.•Family & Community Health•2014

  • Development, Social Change and Environmental Sustainability

    Open Access•Sumarmi, Sumarmi Sumarmi et al.•Development, Social Change and…•2021

  • Rigour in qualitative case-study research

    Catherine Houghton, Dympna Casey et al.•Nurse Researcher•2013

  • Theme development in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis

    Open Access•Mojtaba Vaismoradi, Jacqueline Jones et al.•Journal of Nursing Education and…•2016

  • Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research

    Open Access•Lawrence Leung•Journal of Family Medicine and…•2015

  • Interpretation/Analysis Methods in Hermeneutic Interpretive Phenomenology

    Janice D Crist, Christine Tanner et al.•Nursing Research•2003

  • Auditing Quality of Research in Social Sciences

    Open Access•Sanne Akkerman, Wilfried Admiraal et al.•Quality & Quantity•2008

  • Real qualitative researchers do not count

    Open Access•Margarete Sandelowski•Research in Nursing & Health•2001

  • “I don’t need people to tell me I’m pretty on social media

    Open Access•C Blair Burnette, Melissa A Kwitowski et al.•Body Image•2017

  • The integrative review

    Open Access•Robin Whittemore, Kathleen A Knafl et al.•Journal of Advanced Nursing•2005

  • We Have to Build Trust”

    Open Access•Jill Messing, Jill T Messing et al.•Social Work Research•2021

  • Conceptualizations of Domestic Violence–Related Needs among Women Who Resettled to the United States as Refugees

    Open Access•Karin Wachter, Jessica Dalpe et al.•Social Work Research•2019

  • A Phenomenological Understanding of the Intersection-ality of Ageism and Racism Among Older Adults

    Open Access•Andrew Steward, Carson M De Fries et al.•The Journals of Gerontology…•2023

  • The Life Experiences of Old Women Diagnosed with a Gambling Disorder

    Open Access•Noa Levinson, L Ayalon•International Journal of Mental…•2019

  • A Cross-Generational Study of Contraception and Reproductive Health Among Sudanese and Eritrean Women in Brisbane, Australia

    Claire Rogers, Jaya Earnest•Health Care For Women International•2013

  • Parenting Pre-teens During Covid-19 in a Rural Midwestern Community

    Open Access•Sarah Oerther, Daniel B Oerther•Journal of Child & Adolescent…•2022

  • But We’re Not Like the People on TV

    Open Access•Megan E Harrison, Chantalle Clarkin et al.•Maternal and Child Health Journal•2015

  • The Influence of Social Support on Cardiovascular Health in Families

    Linda Heitman, Linda K Heitman•Family & Community Health•2006

  • Factors impacting the illness trajectory of post-infectious fatigue syndrome

    Open Access•Eva Stormorken, Leonard A Jason et al.•BMC Public Health•2017

  • If you can, change this system” -Pregnant asylum seekers‘ perceptions on social determinants and material circumstances affecting their health whilst living in state-provided accommodation in Germany - a prospective, qualitative case study

    Open Access•Sandra Claudia Gewalt, Sarah Berger et al.•BMC Public Health•2019

  • You Learn to Go Last”

    Open Access•Trina Colleen Salm Ward, Mary C Mazul et al.•Maternal and Child Health Journal•2012

  • Addressing Smoking in Supported Residential Facilities for People with Severe Mental Illness

    Open Access•Sharon Lawn, Teri Lucas•International Journal of…•2016

  • The return of the researcher

    Open Access•Patrice Cooper, Sean Tanner et al.•Qualitative Research in…•2025

  • Perceived Discrimination and Stigma in the Context of the Long-Term Care Insurance Law from the Perspectives of Arabs and the Jews in the North of Israel

    Open Access•L Ayalon•International Journal of…•2019

  • “Their needs are higher than what I can do”

    Open Access•Katarzyna Olcoń, Lauren E Gulbas•Qualitative Social Work•2021

  • A phenomenological understanding of the intersectionality of ageism and racism among older adults

    Open Access•Andrew Steward, Carson M De Fries et al.•Journal of Social Work•2024

  • Building Bridges

    Open Access•Q L Walton, E Bromley et al.•Child & Youth Care Forum•2022

  • The three faces of eve

    Frances Lu Yang, Vivian W Q Lou et al.•Journal of Family Social Work•2022

  • How do teachers engaging messages affect students? A sentiment analysis

    Open Access•Samuel Falcón, Jaime León•Educational Technology Research…•2023

  • Coping with Loss in Caregiving

    R Amanda Cooper, Tricia J Burke et al.•Health Communication•2026

  • Worlds apart

    Open Access•Emmanuel Eze, Rob Gleasure et al.•Information Technology and People•2022

  • Caregiver Influences on Resilience Development Among Children with Maltreatment Experience

    Open Access•Brieanne Beaujolais, Xiafei Wang et al.•Child and Adolescent Social Work…•2021

  • Developmental Differential Impact of Child Maltreatment

    Open Access•Karla Shockley Mccarthy, Susan Yoon et al.•Child and Adolescent Social Work…•2021

  • The Seven Reasons Why Black Children Are Overrepresented in the Child Welfare System in Ontario (Canada)

    Open Access•Jude Mary Cénat, Pari‐Gole Noorishad et al.•Child and Adolescent Social Work…•2023

  • Qualitative research interviews for health professions education

    Renate Kahlke, Bridget C OʼBrien et al.•Medical Teacher•2026

  • “It’s All About Just Creating the Safe Space”

    Open Access•Hunter M Boehme, Tameka Williams et al.•Crime & Delinquency•2023

  • Hypertension management among Latinos

    Open Access•Adriana Maldonado, Barbara Baquero et al.•SSM - Qualitative Research in…•2023

  • Experience of decision-making for home breech birth

    Open Access•Robyn Schafer, Holly Powell Kennedy et al.•SSM - Qualitative Research in…•2024

  • Cognitive interviewing for understanding and adaptation of mental health screening instruments among people living with HIV in rakai, Uganda

    Open Access•Nora S West, Lydia P Namuganga et al.•SSM - Mental Health•2025

  • “What Is Right and Real – Is the Storytelling”

    Open Access•Shlomit Aharoni Lir, L Ayalon•Creativity Studies•2022

  • Mapping Complex Systems

    Open Access•Rebecca Horn, Karin Wachter et al.•Frontiers in Human Dynamics•2021

  • Hard-to-reach energy users

    Open Access•Luis Mundaca, Sea Rotmann et al.•Energy Research & Social Science•2023

  • Power relationships and the formulation of anti-poverty policies in emerging countries

    Open Access•Najwa S Safadi, Scott D Easton et al.•Journal of International and…•2014

  • An Applied Approach to Transformational Leadership for Whole School Communities

    Open Access•Inez Wilson Heenan, Niamh Lafferty et al.•Societies•2024

  • Parents' Views of Involvement in Concurrent Research with Their Neonates

    Open Access•Frances Rieth Ward•Journal of Empirical Research on…•2010

  • Men of the Cloth

    Kim Stansbury•Journal of Ethnic & Cultural…•2011

  • The evolution of the social welfare system in P alestine

    Open Access•Najwa S Safadi, Scott D Easton•International Journal of Social…•2013

  • The experiences of students with disabilities in self-contained physical education

    Sarah Pellerin, Wesley J Wilson et al.•Sport Education and Society•2020

  • Technical, Cultural and Religious

    Open Access•Netanel Gemara•Child & Family Social Work•2025

  • Guidelines for Reporting and Evaluating Qualitative Research

    Alan Reid, Stephen Gough•Environmental Education Research•2000

  • Speech and Language Development of Intercountry Adopted Children Aged 3 to 6 Years

    Shannon Golding, Suze Leitão et al.•Adoption Quarterly•2013

  • Drivers of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Three Refugee Camps

    Open Access•Karin Wachter, Rebecca Horn et al.•Violence Against Women•2017

  • Where Is the Women’s Center Here?”

    Open Access•Karin Wachter, Laurie Cook Heffron et al.•Violence Against Women•2020

  • Salía de uno y me metí en otro”

    Open Access•Laurie Cook Heffron•Violence Against Women•2018

  • You messed up with the wrong generation”

    Open Access•L Ayalon, Sarit Okun•Journal of Aging Studies•2024

  • I was born a man - I'm close to myself”

    Open Access•Shlomit Aharoni Lir, L Ayalon•Journal of Aging Studies•2022

  • Grief in the initial adjustment process to the continuing care retirement community

    Open Access•L Ayalon, Varda Green•Journal of Aging Studies•2012

  • A thematic analysis of in-hospital end-of-life care experiences of surviving family members

    Shannon K Johnson, Shannon Johnson et al.•Death Studies•2019

  • “Everything is Either Sent by God or Used by God”

    Open Access•Yiran Ge, Mayra Sainz et al.•Journal of Religion and Health•2021

  • Understanding perinatal mental illness as a governance concern in South Africa through health provider perspectives

    Open Access•Shelley Brown, Courtenay Sprague et al.•Global Public Health•2022

  • I don’t think marijuana counts as a drug”

    Troy Pittaway, Jaya Dantas•Journal of Ethnicity in Substance…•2021

  • Doing implementation research on health governance

    Open Access•Gupteswar Patel, Surekha Garimella et al.•International Journal for Equity…•2017

  • HIV Prevention Among Cisgender Men Who have Sex with Transgender Women

    Open Access•Tonia Poteat, Erin Cooney et al.•AIDS and Behavior•2021

  • Use of Spirituality to Make Sense of Loss by Homicide

    Open Access•Shannon K Johnson, Brooks Zitzmann•OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying•2020

  • A Grounded Theory of the Process of Spiritual Change Among Homicide Survivors

    Open Access•Shannon K Johnson, Brooks Zitzmann•OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying•2018

  • Service user involvement in mental health care

    Open Access•Samantha Millar, Samantha L Millar et al.•Health Expectations•2016

  • The paradox of action

    Open Access•Taylor Geyton, Steven W Cole•SSM - Mental Health•2026

  • Imago Dei and Peoplehood

    Open Access•Yan Kapranov, Bożena Iwanowska et al.•Religions•2026

  • Enhancing multicultural competence and policy implementation

    Suharno Suharno, Linda Oktaviani•Social Identities•2026

  • Older Korean Americans’ Experiences in an Adult Medical Daycare Center

    Open Access•Hyun-Jeong Park, Ji Won Lee et al.•Journal of Transcultural Nursing•2026

  • Systemic Barriers to Quitting Smoking among Institutionalised Public Mental Health Service Populations

    Open Access•Sharon Lawn, Sharon J Lawn•International Journal of Social…•2004

  • “That's when the relationship shifted”

    Open Access•R Amanda Cooper, Margaret J Pitts et al.•Personal Relationships•2021

  • An empirical, accessible definition of “ghosting” as a relationship dissolution method

    Open Access•Caitlyn Kay, Erin Leigh Courtice•Personal Relationships•2022

  • Unsettled integration

    Open Access•Karin Wachter, Laurie Cook Heffron et al.•International Social Work•2015

  • The experience of social protection in Palestine

    Open Access•Scott D Easton, Najwa S Safadi et al.•International Social Work•2017

  • Ensuring Excellence

    Open Access•Hamidreza Khankeh, Shima Shirozhan et al.•International Journal of…•2026

  • Sexual and reproductive health communication among Sudanese and Eritrean women

    Claire Rogers, Jaya Earnest•Culture Health & Sexuality•2015

  • A Guide to Field Notes for Qualitative Research

    Open Access•Julia C Phillippi, Julia Phillippi et al.•Qualitative Health Research•2018

  • Racism as a vehicle for the overrepresentation of Black youth in child protection services in Ontario, Canada

    Open Access•Pari‐Gole Noorishad, Wina Paul Darius et al.•Children and Youth Services Review•2023

  • Pathways to Offending

    Open Access•Sara N Lucak•Deviant Behavior•2026

  • Family and family-like interactions in households with round-the-clock paid foreign carers in Israel

    Open Access•L Ayalon•Ageing and Society•2009

  • If you're in a community together, then you're basically a family”

    Open Access•Cambray Smith, Leah Frerichs et al.•Journal of Community Psychology•2023

  • Cycles of instability

    Open Access•Konrad Czechowski, John Sylvestre et al.•Journal of Community Psychology•2022

  • How to bargain successfully with adolescents

    Open Access•S Cole Perry, Dina Izenstark et al.•Journal of Community Psychology•2021

  • Black Queer Men Transgressing Masculine Normativity

    Reginald A Blockett, Quortne R Hutchings et al.•The Journal of Higher Education•2024

  • Suicidal Ideation, Resilience, and Healthcare Implications for Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men in China

    Open Access•Haochu Li, Joseph D Tucker et al.•Archives of Sexual Behavior•2017

  • Aggressive Retaliation to Online Sexual or Romantic Rejection

    Open Access•Konrad Czechowski, Erin Leigh Courtice et al.•Archives of Sexual Behavior•2026

  • How Black Teen Girls Navigate Social Media to Form Romantic Relationships

    Open Access•Veronica U Weser, Ijeoma Opara et al.•Social Media + Society•2021

  • Walking Into Their Lives

    Open Access•Sarah Yeo, John Ehiri et al.•International Journal of…•2024

  • Reflexive Content Analysis

    Open Access•Mitchell Nicmanis•International Journal of…•2024

  • Characterizing Excellence

    Open Access•Oshri Bar-Gil•Armed Forces & Society•2025

  • Physicians' Moral Dilemmas in the Age of Viagra

    Open Access•L Ayalon, Ateret Gewirtz‐meydan et al.•Men and Masculinities•2021

  • The co-dependency concept

    Open Access•Kevin J Miller•Journal of Substance Abuse…•1994

  • The Discovery of Grounded Theory

    Barney G Glaser, Anselm L Strauss•Discovery of Grounded Theory•2017

  • Qualitative Nursing Research

    Janice M Morse, Janice Morse•Qualitative nursing research•1991

  • Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences

    Gregory L Wiltfang, Bruce L Berg•Teaching Sociology•1990

  • Naturalistic inquiry

    Open Access•Yvonna S Lincoln, Egon G Guba et al.•International Journal of…•1985

  • Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists

    Open Access•Anselm L Strau, Anselm L Strauss•Qualitative Analysis for Social…•1987

Unique citing works124
Citations per year4
Citation span1995 - 2026 (32)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 116
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