Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

How Does It Work

The Search for Explanatory Mechanisms

Bibliographic Data

ID5774085
AuthorsMario Bunge (McGill University, corresponding author)
Year2004
Volume34
Issue2
Pages182-210
Publication date2004-05-27
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenuePhilosophy of the Social Sciences (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0048-3931 • E-ISSN: 1552-7441
PublisherSAGE Publishing (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1177/0048393103262550
OpenAlexW2015544292
LanguageEN
Citations received152
References cited25

This article addresses the following problems: What is a mechanism, how can it be discovered, and what is the role of the knowledge of mechanisms in scientific explanation and technological control? The proposed answers are these. A mechanism is one of the processes in a concrete system that makes it what it is - for example, metabolism in cells, interneuronal connections in brains, work in factories and offices, research in laboratories, and litigation in courts of law. Because mechanisms are largely or totally imperceptible, they must be conjectured. Once hypothesized they help explain, because a deep scientific explanation is an answer to a question of the form, "How does it work, that is, what makes it tick-what are its mechanisms?" Thus, by contrast with the subsumption of particulars under a generalization, an explanation proper consists in unveiling some lawful mechanism, as when political stability is explained by either coercion, public opinion manipulation, or democratic participation. Finding mechanisms satisfies not only the yearning for understanding, but also the need for control

Coercion (linguistics · Cognitive science · Control (management) · Democracy · Epistemology · Generalization · Law and economics · Mechanism (biology) · Political science · Politics · Sociology · Work (physics) · Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science · Law · Philosophy · Philosophy and History of Science · Psychology

  • Turbulence and Relational Conjunctures

    Open Access•Andrea M Maccarini•Generative Mechanisms Transforming…•2015

  • Social Mechanism

    Open Access•Petri Ylikoski•International Encyclopedia of the…•2015

  • Explaining Crime as Moral Actions

    Per‐olof H Wikström, Per-Olof H Wikström•Handbook of the sociology of…•2010

  • Mechanism-Based Causal Analysis

    Open Access•Carly R Knight, Carly Knight•International Encyclopedia of the…•2015

  • Towards a general theory of implementation

    Open Access•C May•Implementation Science•2013

  • Interpreting Causality in the Health Sciences

    F Russo, Jon Williamson•International Studies in the…•2007

  • A Theory of World Politics

    Open Access•Mathias Albert•Theory of World Politics•2016

  • D printing and the third mission

    Open Access•Thomas Birtchnell, Tillmann Böhme et al.•Technological Forecasting and…•2017

  • Gender as a cause of violent conflict

    Open Access•Elisabeth Prügl•International Affairs•2023

  • Aislamiento teorético de mecanismos económicos. Un enfoque crítico.

    Open Access•Leonardo Ivarola•Eikasía Revista de Filosofía•2026

  • La nueva filosofía mecanicista

    Open Access•Leonardo Ivarola•Eikasía Revista de Filosofía•2026

  • Planetary well-being

    Open Access•JYU Wisdom community, Teea Kortetmäki et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2021

  • Making sense of the evidence in population health intervention research

    Open Access•David Ogilvie, Adrian Bauman et al.•BMJ Global Health•2020

  • Explaining youth aggression

    Open Access•Laura Kennedy•European Journal of Criminology•2025

  • Critical realist approach

    Li Li•Current Issues in Tourism•2022

  • Orthogonality

    Open Access•Steven E Wallis•Systems Research and Behavioral…•2020

  • Mechanistic reasoning in biology among elementary school children

    Open Access•Yael Shtechman, Marida Ergazaki et al.•Journal of the Learning Sciences•2025

  • Impact of social media news on Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy and vaccination behavior

    Open Access•Qianyao Zhang, Runtong Zhang et al.•Telematics and Informatics•2023

  • Co-Design as Institutional Innovation

    Open Access•Mark Considine•International Journal of Public…•2025

  • Toward Integrated Processual Theories of Crime

    Open Access•Sultan Altikriti•Criminal Justice and Behavior•2021

  • Perceived injustice, perceived group threat and self-reported right-wing violence

    Howard Williamson, Ann De Buck et al.•Monatsschrift für Kriminologie…•2021

  • Austrian Economics and Critical Realism

    Peter T Manicas, Peter Manicas•Journal of Critical Realism•2008

  • Migration Systems, Pioneer Migrants and the Role of Agency

    Oliver Bakewell, Hein De Haas et al.•Journal of Critical Realism•2012

  • Identifying causal mechanisms that explain the emergence of the Modern Dutch State

    Stephen Armet•Journal of Critical Realism•2013

  • A realist analysis of civilized tourism in China

    Open Access•Li Li, Jing Wang et al.•Journal of Critical Realism•2023

  • An interdisciplinary realist take on moral agency

    Li Li•Journal of Critical Realism•2023

  • The four C’s model of thematic analysis. A critical realist perspective

    Michalis Christodoulou•Journal of Critical Realism•2024

  • Statistical positivism versus critical scientific realism. A comparison of two paradigms for motivation research

    Open Access•Valery Chirkov, Jade Anderson•Theory & Psychology•2018

  • Statistical positivism versus critical scientific realism. A comparison of two paradigms for motivation research

    Open Access•Valery Chirkov, Jade Anderson•Theory & Psychology•2018

  • Towards a critical realist perspective on African conflicts

    Solomon Yirenkyi-Boateng•International Journal of African…•2016

  • Theorien, Modelle und Erklärungen. Einige Grundprobleme des soziologischen Theorienvergleichs

    Michael Schmid•Neuer Mensch und Kollektive…•2009

  • Pfade, Mechanismen, Ereignisse. Zur gegenwärtigen Forschungslage in der Soziologie sozialer Prozesse

    Open Access•Rainer Schützeichel•Prozesse•2015

  • Die Struktur professionellen Wissens

    Open Access•Werner Obrecht•Professionalität in der Sozialen…•2013

  • Die Struktur professionellen Wissens

    Werner Obrecht•Professionalität in der Sozialen…•2009

  • Feldanalyse als Forschungsprogramm

    Stefan Bernhard, Christian Schmidt-Wellenburg•Feldanalyse Als Forschungsprogramm…•2012

  • Soziale Mechanismen und das Struktur-individualistische Erklärungsprogramm. Zur forschungspraktischen Verortung sozialer Mechanismen

    Andrea Maurer•Reflexive Soziale Mechanismen•2007

  • When Culture Is Marginalized

    Open Access•Melanie S Archer•Morphogenesis Answers Its Critics•2024

  • Morphogenesis and Cooperation in the International Political System

    Open Access•Colin Wight•Late Modernity•2014

  • Mechanisms and Models

    Open Access•Colin Wight•Generative Mechanisms Transforming…•2015

  • Introduction

    Open Access•Melanie S Archer, Margaret S Archer•Morphogenesis and Human Flourishing•2017

  • Introduction

    Open Access•Melanie S Archer, Margaret S Archer•Generative Mechanisms Transforming…•2015

  • Towards a Second 'Second Debate'? Rethinking the Relationship between Science and History in International Theory

    Open Access•Simon Curti, Simon Curtis et al.•International Relations•2010

  • Variables, Mechanisms, and Simulations

    G Manzo•Revue Française de Sociologie•2007

  • Cultural legitimacy and framing struggles in innovation journeys

    Open Access•Frank W Geels, Bram Verhees•Technological Forecasting and…•2011

  • Social Emergence

    Open Access•R K Sawyer•Social Emergence•2005

  • Definitions and Comparisons in Urban Archaeology

    Michael E Smith•Journal of Urban Archaeology•2020

  • The Comparative Analysis of Early Cities and Urban Deposits

    Michael E Smith•Journal of Urban Archaeology•2020

  • Patient, clinician and manager experience of the accelerated implementation of virtual consultations following Covid‐19

    Open Access•Anthony Gilbert, Jeremy Jones et al.•Health Expectations•2022

  • Orchestrating cradle‐to‐cradle innovation across the value chain

    Open Access•Erik G Hansen, Julia Schmitt et al.•Journal of Industrial Ecology•2021

  • Networks, ethnography, and artisanal fishing markets

    Miroslav Pulgar, J L Molina•L Année sociologique•2026

  • Where are the Consumers

    Felipe González•Cultural Studies•2015

  • Dissecting the Social

    Open Access•Peter Hedström•Dissecting the social•2005

  • Mechanisms and Causal Histories

    Open Access•Bradley B Walters, Andrew P Vayda•Human Ecology•2020

  • Moving Beyond Individuals

    Open Access•Mateusz Wajzer•Systems Research and Behavioral…•2026

  • Toward a holistic definition for Information Systems for Health in the age of digital interdependence

    Open Access•Melissa D''Agostino, Marcelo D’Agostino et al.•Revista Panamericana de Salud…•2021

  • The Virgin Islands National Information Systems for Health

    Open Access•Irad Potter, Tracia Petersen et al.•Revista Panamericana de Salud…•2018

  • Sistemas de información para la salud

    Open Access•Melissa D''Agostino, Marcelo D’Agostino et al.•Revista Panamericana de Salud…•2022

  • Meta–supply chain agility in multi-project environments

    Open Access•Eias Al Humdan•Sustainable Futures•2026

  • Analytic Criminology

    Open Access•Per‐olof H Wikström, Clemens Kroneberg•Annual Review of Criminology•2021

  • Reconceptualizing regional order

    Open Access•Maria Tanaka•Journal of Contemporary East Asia…•2017

  • Self-transformation online through alternative presentations of self

    Open Access•Joseph B Walther, Zijian Lew•Annals of the International…•2022

  • Newcomer Socialization research

    Brian Manata, Vernon D Miller et al.•Annals of the International…•2016

  • Rethinking policy-related research

    Tim Blackman•Contemporary Social Science•2012

  • De Te Fabula Narratur

    Open Access•Guilherme Nunes Pires•OEconomia•2024

  • Relaunching migration systems

    Oliver Bakewell•Migration Studies•2013

  • Rethinking mechanism and process in the geographical analysis of uneven development

    Open Access•Henry Wai-Chung Yeung•Dialogues in Human Geography•2019

  • Modeling Mechanisms of Democratic Transition in the Arab Uprisings

    Bertold Schweitzer•Middle East Critique•2015

  • Getting to agreement

    Open Access•Erik Oddvar Eriksen•International Theory•2018

  • Researching Transnationalisation and Higher Education in the Context of Social Mechanisms

    Claudia Schneider•Journal of Contemporary European…•2013

  • Sociology, biology and mechanisms in urban mental health

    Open Access•Nick Manning•Social Theory & Health•2018

  • Transnationalisation within school education

    Claudia Schneider•Globalisation Societies and…•2016

  • Overcoming theory-practice inconsistencies

    Open Access•Matthew L Smith•Information and Organization•2006

  • Operations planning revisited

    Robert Erdeniz•Defence Studies•2016

  • Comparing the role of boundary organizations in the governance of climate change in three EU member states

    Open Access•Ruth Hoppe, Anna Wesselink•Environmental Science & Policy•2014

  • Graph notation as a gateway—transitioning from causal loop to stock and flow diagrams (and beyond) in system dynamics modeling

    Open Access•Guido Wolf Reichert, Simon Glöser‐chahoud et al.•International Journal of Social…•2026

  • Sensemaking of causality in agent-based models

    Open Access•Patrycja Antosz, Timo Szczepanska et al.•International Journal of Social…•2022

  • Evaluating the social mechanism of investment subsidies using an abductive approach

    Open Access•Seweryn Krupnik•Evaluation•2012

  • It's all about mechanisms – what process-tracing case studies should be tracing

    Derek Beach•New Political Economy•2016

  • Understanding Concentrations of Sexual Violence and Abuse

    Open Access•Susan Rayment‐mchugh•Violence Against Women•2023

  • Modelling Cooperation Mechanisms

    Open Access•Mauricio Salgado, José Antonio Noguera Ferrer et al.•Journal of Archaeological Method…•2013

  • Empirical Urban Theory for Archaeologists

    Open Access•Michael E Smith•Journal of Archaeological Method…•2010

  • Securitization as a causal mechanism

    Open Access•Stefano Guzzini•Security Dialogue•2011

  • Explaining global governance—a complexity perspective

    Christine Brachthäuser•Cambridge Review of International…•2011

  • Konstellationen und Dynamiken demokratischer Konflikte

    Open Access•Vincent August•Berliner Journal für Soziologie•2026

  • Formal Approaches to Socio-economic Analysis—Past and Perspectives

    Claudius Gräbner•Forum for Social Economics•2015

  • Salience and the emergence of international norms

    Open Access•Elvira Rosert•Review of International Studies•2019

  • Navigating expert judgment uncertainty in post-event environmental impact assessments for human-made disasters litigation

    Open Access•Paola Gómez-Priego, Paola Gómez‐Priego et al.•Environmental Impact Assessment…•2024

  • Relational Mechanisms

    Open Access•Thorsten Peetz•Analyse & Kritik•2019

  • Exportando” el conocimiento de los modelos económicos

    Open Access•Leonardo Ivarola•Ideas y Valores•2017

  • Theorizing the Mechanisms of Conceptual and Semiotic Space

    Open Access•Colin Wight•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•2004

  • Dialectics, Complexity,and the Systemic Approach

    Open Access•Poe Yu-Ze Wan•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•2013

  • Theoretical Procedures and Elder-Vass’s Critical Realist Ontology

    Open Access•Leonidas Tsilipakos•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•2014

  • The Realist Approach to Explanatory Mechanisms in Social Science

    Open Access•Chares Demetriou•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•2009

  • Systemism, Social Mechanisms, and Scientific Progress

    Open Access•Patrick James•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•2004

  • Two Conceptions of Fundamentality

    Open Access•Mariam Thalos•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•2011

  • Systemism, Social Laws, and the Limits of Social Theory

    Open Access•Slava Sadovnikov, С И Садовников•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•2004

  • Rethinking Systems Theory

    Open Access•Andreas Pickel•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•2007

  • Forståelser av kausalbegrepet i samfunnsvitenskapene

    Open Access•Per Arne Tufte•Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning•2013

  • Expanding the notion of mechanism to further understanding of biopsychosocial disorders? Depression and medically-unexplained pain as cases in point

    Open Access•Jan Pieter Konsman•Studies in History and Philosophy…•2024

  • Apps, iP ads, and Literacy

    Open Access•Elizabeth A Baker•Reading Research Quarterly•2017

  • Social Mechanisms

    Peter Hedström, Richard Swedberg•Social Mechanisms•1998

  • A Neural Basis for Social Cooperation

    Open Access•J K Rilling, David A Gutman et al.•Neuron•2002

  • A plea for mechanisms

    Open Access•Jon Elster•Social Mechanisms•1998

  • Social Science under Debate

    Mario Bunge•Social Science under Debate•1998

  • Between Social Science and Social Technology

    Open Access•Andreas Pickel•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•2001

  • Mechanism and Explanation

    Open Access•Mario Bunge•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•1997

  • Function and Functionalism

    Open Access•Martin Mahner, Mario Bunge•Philosophy of Science•2001

  • Thinking about Mechanisms

    Open Access•Peter Machamer, Lindley Darden et al.•Philosophy of Science•2000

  • Rethinking Mechanistic Explanation

    Open Access•Stuart Glennan•Philosophy of Science•2002

  • Mechanisms in Political Processes

    Charles Tilly•Annual Review of Political Science•2001

  • The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action

    Robert Κ Merton, Robert K Merton•American Sociological Review•1936

  • Globalization and the Great U-Turn

    Arthur S Alderson, François Nielsen•American Journal of Sociology•2002

Unique citing works152
Citations per year6,91
Citation span2004 - 2026 (23)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 152
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae