J G Snodgra
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 14585 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | J G Snodgra |
| NOMBRES | J G |
| APELLIDO | Snodgra |
| FIRMA | SNODGRA J G |
| AFILIACIONES | Colorado State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2725-8063 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 54 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 267 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 54 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2001 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 12 |
Tabletop Role-Playing Games as Drama Therapy in the Wild
Clinicians have started to experiment with using tabletop role-playing games like Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) as complementary to more traditional psychological treatments or as a standalone form of therapy in a group setting. However, researchers still do not understand well the therapeutic processes and mechanisms through which such forms of play might be helpful to patients. Following insights developed by drama therapists, we anticipated that th…
Player-avatar bonds and gaming benefits and risks
How players relate to their avatars in digital and analog gaming predicts both positive and negative gaming experiences. For example, a perceived discrepancy between one’s actual and avatar self is associated with both gaming benefits and risks. However, such self-discrepancy approaches treat avatars narrowly as self-substitutes that allow players to project idealized identities in a virtual environment. Yet, those approaches have not examined ho…
User-avatar bond as diagnostic indicator for gaming disorder
In their study, Stavropoulos et al. (2023) capitalized on supervised machine learning and a longitudinal design and reported that the User-Avatar Bond could be accurately employed to detect Gaming Disorder (GD) risk in a community sample of gamers. The authors suggested that the User-Avatar Bond is a “digital phenotype” that could be used as a diagnostic indicator for GD risk. In this commentary, our objectives are twofold: (1) to underscore the …
The Benefits of Using Cultural Domain Analysis in Applied Anthropology
Cultural domain analysis (CDA) is a suite of methods and analytical techniques that allow researchers to rapidly and reliably understand the ways in which people conceptualize their world. Consisting of various approaches, including free lists, pile sorts, and related interview techniques, CDA is an effective means of systematically identifying shared knowledge. This article briefly reviews the strengths of this approach, and highlights examples …
Planning to Work as an Applied Medical Anthropologist? The Advantages of a Broad and Strategic Methodological Toolkit
Applied medical anthropologists work in a variety of settings. This diversity of career paths is exciting as it allows anthropological theory and method to influence many spheres of society that impact people's everyday lived health. Success in this wide arena requires an inclusive and broad way of thinking about ethnography that incorporates multiple ways of thinking and the ability to employ a range of methodological tools. This short piece pro…
Deep hanging out, mixed methods toolkit, or something else? Current ethnographic practices in US anthropology
We use a mix of qualitative and quantitative analyses to examine 1354 survey responses from members of the American Anthropological Association about their practice and teaching of cultural anthropology research methods. Latent profile analysis and an examination of responses to open-ended survey questions reveal distinctive methodological clustering among anthropologists. However, two historical approaches to ethnography remain prominent: deep h…
Gaming lounges in India afford socially productive gambling
We use ethnographic observations, interviews, and surveys to illuminate video game-related gambling in India, where players use as currency decorative in-game weapon covers referred to as skins. We focus on gaming and gambling related to virtual items acquired in the popular shooter game Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, and our study unfolds among young adults who play in face-to-face centers called gaming lounges or zones. We consider how netwo…
Sharpening causal reasoning in applied ethnographic research
Ethnographic Methods for Identifying Cultural Concepts of Distress
We review ethnographic methods that allow researchers to assess distress in a culturally sensitive manner. We begin with an overview of standardized biomedical and psychological approaches to assessing distress cross-culturally. We then focus on literature describing the development of reliable and valid culturally sensitive assessment tools that can serve as complements or alternatives to biomedical categories and diagnostic frameworks. The meth…
Teaching Ethnographic Methods
Ethnography is a core methodology in anthropology and other disciplines. Yet, there is currently no scholarly consensus on how to teach ethnographic methods—or even what methods belong in the ethnographic toolkit. We report on a systematic analysis of syllabi to gauge how ethnographic methods are taught in the United States. We analyze 107 methods syllabi from a nationally elicited sample of university faculty who teach ethnography. Systematic co…
Teaching Ethnographic Methods for Cultural Anthropology
Historically, ethnographic methods were learned by cultural anthropology students in individual research projects. This approach creates challenges for teaching in ways that respond to the next generation’s calls to decenter anthropology’s White, heteropatriarchal voices and engage in collaborative community-based research. Analyzing syllabi from 107 ethnographic methods training courses from the United States, we find the tradition of the “lone …
Internet gaming, embodied distress, and psychosocial well-being
Adolescent Popularity
Biocultural Strategies for Measuring Psychosocial Stress Outcomes in Field-based Research
The goal of assessing psychosocial stress as a process and outcome in naturalistic (i.e., field) settings is applicable across the social, biological, and health sciences. Meaningful measurement of biology-in-context is, however, far from simple or straightforward. In this brief methods review, we introduce theoretical framings, methodological conventions, and ethical concerns around field-collection of markers of psychosocial stress that have em…
Indian Gaming Zones as Oppositional Subculture
On the basis of participant observation and questionnaire data, we consider the cultural shaping of video gaming pleasure and distress in face-to-face gaming centers in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. We analyze how and why young adult Indian gamers experience their play as both deeply satisfying and dangerously addictive. To explain this dual consciousness, we join the concept of cultural consonance (individuals' relative consistency with their cultu…
An Iterative Approach to Qualitative Data Analysis
We present a qualitative data analysis framework that integrates perspectives from theme analysis, cultural models analysis, grounded theory, and content analysis. We demonstrate how these research traditions are united in their aim to, first, uncover meaningful themes and, subsequently, to understand those themes’ relationships to each other. To illustrate our approach, we present research on video gamers’ understandings of productive and detrim…
Distinguishing Core from Peripheral Psychiatric Symptoms
Intensive online videogame involvement
Extending classic anthropological "idioms of distress" research, we argue that intensive online videogame involvement is better conceptualized as a new global idiom, not only of distress but also of wellness, especially for emerging adults (late teens through the 20s). Drawing on cognitive anthropological cultural domain interviews conducted with a small sample of U.S. gamers ( N = 26 free-list and 34 pile-sort respondents) (Study 1) and a large …
Social genomics of healthy and disordered internet gaming
OBJECTIVES: To combine social genomics with cultural approaches to expand understandings of the somatic health dynamics of online gaming, including in the controversial nosological construct of internet gaming disorder (IGD). METHODS: In blood samples from 56 U.S. gamers, we examined expression of the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA), a leukocyte gene expression profile activated by chronic stress. We compared positively eng…
A Formal Method for Detecting and Describing Cultural Complexity
The most widely used formal approach to culture, the cultural consensus theory (CCT) of Romney, Weller, and Batchelder, originally relied on a priori definitions of cultural groups to map their unity and diversity. Retaining key features of classical CCT, we provide techniques to identify two or more cultural subgroups in a sample, whether those groups are known in advance or not. Our method helps CCT practitioners connect to contemporary approac…
Developing culturally sensitive affect scales for global mental health research and practice
Religious Ritual Is Good Medicine for Indigenous Indian Conservation Refugees
We tested whether religious ritual lessens or increases stress and anxiety among indigenous Sahariya conservation refugees recently displaced from a wildlife sanctuary in central India. Combining ethnography with structured survey and salivary analyte data (the stress hormone cortisol), we tracked di/stress over two 9-day periods before, during, and after Sahariya celebrations of the Hindu holidays of Holi and Navratri. Results show postritual im…
The mental health costs of human displacement
Casting Kings
Based on three years of anthropological fieldwork in the Indian state of Rajasthan, Casting Kings explores the manner in which semi-nomadic performers known as Bhats understand, and also subvert, caste hierarchies. A number of scholars have recently contended that caste is invented and thus a fiction of a kind. But focus in these studies is typically placed on the way caste is imagined according to the agendas and desires of elite Westerners such…
Guest Editors' Introduction
Indigenous peoples around the world revere their environment's trees, rivers, grasses, stones, hills, and forests.Often labeled 'Animists', 1 indigenous peoples also personify their environments, treating both their lands and the non-human denizens occupying those lands as persons to be related to as cognizant and communicative subjects rather than as inert or insignificant objects.One would imagine that this reverence and personification of thei…
Enhancing one life rather than living two
Online virtual worlds as anthropological field sites
Since 2008, at Colorado State University, I have been collaboratively researching virtual worlds with my students in experimental methods seminars. My "ethnographic research and teaching laboratory" (ERTL), ambitious in scope, conducts original and even cutting edge research, while teaching students field methods in the process. The research and teaching unfold primarily in Internet-based games-such as World of Warcraft and Guild Wars 2-persisten…
"I Swear to God, I Only Want People Here Who Are Losers!" Cultural Dissonance and the (Problematic) Allure ofAzeroth
We use ethnographically informed survey and interview data to explore therapeutic and problematic play in the onlineWorld of Warcraft (WoW). We focus on how game-play inWoWis driven by shared and socially transmitted models of success that we conceptualize as cultural ideals. Our research reveals associations between having higher online compared to offline success, on the one hand, and gamers' reports about how their play both adds to and subtra…
Religious Ritual Is Good Medicine for Indigenous Indian Conservation Refugees
We tested whether religious ritual lessens or increases stress and anxiety among indigenous Sahariya conservation refugees recently displaced from a wildlife sanctuary in central India. Combining ethnography with structured survey and salivary analyte data (the stress hormone cortisol), we tracked di/stress over two 9-day periods before, during, and after Sahariya celebrations of the Hindu holidays of Holi and Navratri. Results show postritual im…
A formal anthropological view of motivation models of problematic MMO play
Yee (2006) found three motivational factors- achievement, social, and immersion-underlying play in massively multiplayer online role-playing games ("MMORPGs" or "MMOs" for short). Subsequent work has suggested that these factors foster problematic or addictive forms of play in online worlds. In the current study, we used an online survey of respondents ( N = 252), constructed and also interpreted in reference to ethnography and interviews, to exa…
Beware of charitable souls
Bhats are a caste of low-status performers from the Indian state of Rajasthan. Bhat patrons, following deaths in their families, distribute 'alms' (dan) to Bhats who work as their genealogists and praise-singers. Though their patrons are generous on these occasions, Bhats typically must be coerced into taking these offerings, which they consider dangerous and even lethal. The 'poison' of Hindu transactions such as these is usually attributed to a…
Developing culturally sensitive affect scales for global mental health research and practice
Restorative Magical Adventure or Warcrack? Motivated MMO Play and the Pleasures and Perils of Online Experience
Combining perspectives from the new science of happiness with discussions regarding "problematic" and "addictive" play in multiplayer online games, the authors examine how player motivations pattern both positive and negative gaming experiences. Specifically, using ethnographic interviews and a survey, the authors explore the utility of Yee's three-factor motivational framework for explaining the positive or negative quality of experiences in the…
Casting Kings
Based on three years of anthropological fieldwork in the Indian state of Rajasthan, this book explores the manner that semi-nomadic performers known as Bhats understand and also subvert caste hierarchies. A number of scholars have recently contended that caste is invented and thus a fiction of a kind. Focus in these studies, however, is typically placed on the way that caste is imagined according to the agendas and desires of elite Westerners suc…
Intensive online videogame involvement
Extending classic anthropological "idioms of distress" research, we argue that intensive online videogame involvement is better conceptualized as a new global idiom, not only of distress but also of wellness, especially for emerging adults (late teens through the 20s). Drawing on cognitive anthropological cultural domain interviews conducted with a small sample of U.S. gamers ( N = 26 free-list and 34 pile-sort respondents) (Study 1) and a large …
Culture and the Jitters
We examine how online sociocultural context influences play experience in the popular online role-playing game, World of Warcraft (WoW). We focus on how guilds, in-game associations of like-minded players, establish social relationships and cultural understandings that shape online play experience. Some guilds help their members regulate the stressful arousal emerging from challenging gaming activities-such as collaborative raids, where multiple …
Imitation Is Far More Than the Sincerest of Flattery
Witch Hunts, Herbal Healing, and Discourses of Indigenous Ecodevelopment in North India
In this article, we examine the environmental thought and practice of indigenous peoples living in and around a wildlife sanctuary in North India. Analysis reveals that those religious specialists (such as shamans) who possess knowledge of herbal healing are more committed than other villagers to preventing or mitigating the overharvesting of natural resources. To explain these results, reference is made to a specific juncture of native tradition…
A tale of goddesses, money, and other terribly wonderful things
In this article, I examine the spiritual possession of a young Indian woman'a member of a community of performers known as Bhats'by her husband's lineage goddess. The events unfold in the Rajasthani town of Udaipur where Bhats now market traditional culture to tourists. Showing how this possession responds to my informants' new exchange relations, I argue for the utility of the Marxist notion of "commodity fetishism." I contend, however, that Mar…
Guest Editors' Introduction
Indigenous peoples around the world revere their environment's trees, rivers, grasses, stones, hills, and forests.Often labeled 'Animists', 1 indigenous peoples also personify their environments, treating both their lands and the non-human denizens occupying those lands as persons to be related to as cognizant and communicative subjects rather than as inert or insignificant objects.One would imagine that this reverence and personification of thei…
A guild culture of ‘casual raiding’ enhances its members’ online gaming experiences
We document the norms and practices of a “casual raiding guild” pursuing a balanced approach to World of Warcraft gaming under the banner “offline life matters.” Confirming insights in the problematic online gaming literature, our ethnography reveals that some guild members experience gaming distress. However, this guild’s normative culture helps its members better self-regulate and thus protect themselves from, among other things, their own impu…
Teaching Ethnographic Methods for Cultural Anthropology
Historically, ethnographic methods were learned by cultural anthropology students in individual research projects. This approach creates challenges for teaching in ways that respond to the next generation’s calls to decenter anthropology’s White, heteropatriarchal voices and engage in collaborative community-based research. Analyzing syllabi from 107 ethnographic methods training courses from the United States, we find the tradition of the “lone …
The mental health costs of human displacement
Biocultural Strategies for Measuring Psychosocial Stress Outcomes in Field-based Research
The goal of assessing psychosocial stress as a process and outcome in naturalistic (i.e., field) settings is applicable across the social, biological, and health sciences. Meaningful measurement of biology-in-context is, however, far from simple or straightforward. In this brief methods review, we introduce theoretical framings, methodological conventions, and ethical concerns around field-collection of markers of psychosocial stress that have em…
Ethnographic Methods for Identifying Cultural Concepts of Distress
We review ethnographic methods that allow researchers to assess distress in a culturally sensitive manner. We begin with an overview of standardized biomedical and psychological approaches to assessing distress cross-culturally. We then focus on literature describing the development of reliable and valid culturally sensitive assessment tools that can serve as complements or alternatives to biomedical categories and diagnostic frameworks. The meth…
An Iterative Approach to Qualitative Data Analysis
We present a qualitative data analysis framework that integrates perspectives from theme analysis, cultural models analysis, grounded theory, and content analysis. We demonstrate how these research traditions are united in their aim to, first, uncover meaningful themes and, subsequently, to understand those themes’ relationships to each other. To illustrate our approach, we present research on video gamers’ understandings of productive and detrim…
A Formal Method for Detecting and Describing Cultural Complexity
The most widely used formal approach to culture, the cultural consensus theory (CCT) of Romney, Weller, and Batchelder, originally relied on a priori definitions of cultural groups to map their unity and diversity. Retaining key features of classical CCT, we provide techniques to identify two or more cultural subgroups in a sample, whether those groups are known in advance or not. Our method helps CCT practitioners connect to contemporary approac…
Maternal exposure to hurricane destruction and fetal mortality
BACKGROUND: The majority of research documenting the public health impacts of natural disasters focuses on the well-being of adults and their living children. Negative effects may also occur in the unborn, exposed to disaster stressors when critical organ systems are developing and when the consequences of exposure are large. METHODS: We exploit spatial and temporal variation in hurricane behaviour as a quasi-experimental design to assess whether…
Indian Gaming Zones as Oppositional Subculture
On the basis of participant observation and questionnaire data, we consider the cultural shaping of video gaming pleasure and distress in face-to-face gaming centers in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. We analyze how and why young adult Indian gamers experience their play as both deeply satisfying and dangerously addictive. To explain this dual consciousness, we join the concept of cultural consonance (individuals' relative consistency with their cultu…
The Future Is Not Ours To See
Bhats are low-status bards from the Indian state of Rajasthan. This paper explores a Bhat puppet drama sponsored by a state-run bank meant to teach Indians an ethic of saving and planning for the future. Specifically, it examines the manner in which Bhats sabotage their work for the bank, mocking the values they are hired to promote and thus 'resisting' modernist ideologies that purportedly allow for the rational management of time. Still, Bhat d…
Beware of charitable souls
Bhats are a caste of low-status performers from the Indian state of Rajasthan. Bhat patrons, following deaths in their families, distribute 'alms' (dan) to Bhats who work as their genealogists and praise-singers. Though their patrons are generous on these occasions, Bhats typically must be coerced into taking these offerings, which they consider dangerous and even lethal. The 'poison' of Hindu transactions such as these is usually attributed to a…
Imitation Is Far More Than the Sincerest of Flattery
A tale of goddesses, money, and other terribly wonderful things
In this article, I examine the spiritual possession of a young Indian woman'a member of a community of performers known as Bhats'by her husband's lineage goddess. The events unfold in the Rajasthani town of Udaipur where Bhats now market traditional culture to tourists. Showing how this possession responds to my informants' new exchange relations, I argue for the utility of the Marxist notion of "commodity fetishism." I contend, however, that Mar…
Hail to the Chief
In this paper, I examine a birth ritual practised by a community of low-status entertainers from the Indian state of Rajasthan known as Bhats. On the birth of sons, but not daughters, Bhats offer gifts to the Hindu god Bhaironji, a pan-Indian boss of the underworld. Specifically, they sacrifice a goat, extract its stomach, slice it open so that it forms a gaping slit, and pass their wailing newborn through the dripping opening seven times. This r…
The centre cannot hold
In this article I examine Bhat myths and legends concerning kings and bards. Bhats are low-status praise-singers from the Indian state of Rajasthan. In exploring these tales, I examine my informants' ideas about an issue which has long been seen as a central conundrum of Indian caste theory: how best to characterize the status of those with priestly standing in relation to those classed as warriors and kings. In their stories, Bhats demonstrate t…
The Future Is Not Ours To See
Bhats are low-status bards from the Indian state of Rajasthan. This paper explores a Bhat puppet drama sponsored by a state-run bank meant to teach Indians an ethic of saving and planning for the future. Specifically, it examines the manner in which Bhats sabotage their work for the bank, mocking the values they are hired to promote and thus 'resisting' modernist ideologies that purportedly allow for the rational management of time. Still, Bhat d…
Venture Funambulists
This chapter presents Bhat ballads featuring linguistically talented bards who dominate and control their lords and benefactors. In shifting the focus from patrons to the insights of the author’s bardic informants and the power of linguistic representation, this chapter hopes to draw more explicit attention to the imaginative dimensions of caste hierarchies and the arbitrariness of social centers and peripheries, It also argues that Bhat poetics …
Obscene Jesters
This chapter describes Bhat relationships to the ritualized village patron-client “gift” economy found throughout northern India called jajmani. It is shown that the Bhats’ skill as bards, and their perspectives on caste relations more generally, emerge from the manner in which this social economy places value on exchanges between patrons and clients. In particular, this chapter explores Bhat understandings of virtue, and thus also of caste hiera…
The Enduring Power of Praise-Abuse
This chapter focuses on the Bhats’ tactical narration of their religious history, and specifically the manner in which they present themselves as alternately Hindu or Muslim in order to gain employment as political propagandists for both India’s secular Congress Party and Hindu-nationalist Bhartiya Janata Party (B.J.P.). The chapter also examines how Bhats “cast” traditional Rajasthan in a puppet drama sponsored by a state-run bank meant to teach…
Cast of Characters
This chapter further describes the context of the author’s participant-observation fieldwork situation in the towns of Udaipur and Jaipur in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It also presents the scholarly understandings of South Asian society that ground the book’s arguments. It is demonstrated how changes in caste relations in the modern colonial and postcolonial periods, and especially the decline in importance of elite bardic communities, provid…
Conclusion
This concluding chapter returns to theories of caste and to the manner in which Bhat culture and society may speak to such theories, by reflecting on the manner Bhats can be said to make their own history as opposed to simply inheriting a so-called traditional identity and profession. It points to continuities and differences between Bhats and other Indian Dalit (formerly Untouchable) communities. It engages the scholarship on Indian marginal and…
Casting Kings
Based on three years of anthropological fieldwork in the Indian state of Rajasthan, this book explores the manner that semi-nomadic performers known as Bhats understand and also subvert caste hierarchies. A number of scholars have recently contended that caste is invented and thus a fiction of a kind. Focus in these studies, however, is typically placed on the way that caste is imagined according to the agendas and desires of elite Westerners suc…
Phulwari's plant people
Beyond Self-Interest and Altruism
This article discusses the environmental ethics of Indigenous herbalists inhabiting the Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan, India. Our respondents protected forests from activities like illicit tree felling because (a) they realized that their own human well-being is tied to the fate of the natural world, and (b) wild animals such as leopards form non-human communities that intrinsically deserve to live and prosper. Framing herbalist…
Of Leopards and Other Lovely Frightful Things
In this paper, we argue that shamans as compared to non-shamans demonstrate a deeper connection to wildlife. Shamans display particularly powerful love and reverence for leopards. That shamans more deeply revere, even worship, nature suggests that indigenous Animism does impact the environmental thought and practice of our informants. However, our indigenous informants’ pro-environmental thinking is most strongly linked to only particular classes…
Witch Hunts, Herbal Healing, and Discourses of Indigenous Ecodevelopment in North India
In this article, we examine the environmental thought and practice of indigenous peoples living in and around a wildlife sanctuary in North India. Analysis reveals that those religious specialists (such as shamans) who possess knowledge of herbal healing are more committed than other villagers to preventing or mitigating the overharvesting of natural resources. To explain these results, reference is made to a specific juncture of native tradition…
The Artists of Nathadwara
Magical Flight and Monstrous Stress
Enhancing one life rather than living two
Restorative Magical Adventure or Warcrack? Motivated MMO Play and the Pleasures and Perils of Online Experience
Combining perspectives from the new science of happiness with discussions regarding "problematic" and "addictive" play in multiplayer online games, the authors examine how player motivations pattern both positive and negative gaming experiences. Specifically, using ethnographic interviews and a survey, the authors explore the utility of Yee's three-factor motivational framework for explaining the positive or negative quality of experiences in the…
A formal anthropological view of motivation models of problematic MMO play
Yee (2006) found three motivational factors- achievement, social, and immersion-underlying play in massively multiplayer online role-playing games ("MMORPGs" or "MMOs" for short). Subsequent work has suggested that these factors foster problematic or addictive forms of play in online worlds. In the current study, we used an online survey of respondents ( N = 252), constructed and also interpreted in reference to ethnography and interviews, to exa…
A vacation from your mind
Maternal exposure to hurricane destruction and fetal mortality
BACKGROUND: The majority of research documenting the public health impacts of natural disasters focuses on the well-being of adults and their living children. Negative effects may also occur in the unborn, exposed to disaster stressors when critical organ systems are developing and when the consequences of exposure are large. METHODS: We exploit spatial and temporal variation in hurricane behaviour as a quasi-experimental design to assess whether…
A Quasi-Experimental Analysis of Maternal Altitude Exposure and Infant Birth Weight
Objectives. We analyzed singleton births to determine the relationship between birth weight and altitude exposure. Methods. We analyzed 715 213 singleton births across 74 counties from the western states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Washington from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2000. Birth data were obtained from the Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, …
"I Swear to God, I Only Want People Here Who Are Losers!" Cultural Dissonance and the (Problematic) Allure ofAzeroth
We use ethnographically informed survey and interview data to explore therapeutic and problematic play in the onlineWorld of Warcraft (WoW). We focus on how game-play inWoWis driven by shared and socially transmitted models of success that we conceptualize as cultural ideals. Our research reveals associations between having higher online compared to offline success, on the one hand, and gamers' reports about how their play both adds to and subtra…
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