Ben Ross Schneider
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3628535 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Ben Ross Schneider |
| NOMBRES | Ben Ross |
| APELLIDO | Schneider |
| FIRMA | SCHNEIDER B R |
| AFILIACIONES | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9227-7805 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 41 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 494 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 41 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1958 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 13 |
Chile’s Inclusion Law
Chile’s Inclusion Law, passed in 2015, significantly increased government regulation of one of the most privatised education systems in the world and provided major redistributive benefits. How did Chile’s government succeed in passing and implementing this legislation in the face of a powerful and cohesive opposition? Our study finds that student protesters served as the initial impetus, shaping the education debate and increasing the political …
Teacher Unions, Political Machines, and the Thorny Politics of Education Reform in Latin America
Existing research on developing countries emphasizes the decisive power of teacher unions in education politics. Yet that power varies, and a full understanding of the roots of union power and the sources of cross-national variation requires deeper analysis of organizational dynamics within unions. This analysis supports four arguments. First, teachers have a range of advantages in overcoming obstacles to collective action. Second, unions are not…
Technical Education in the Middle Income Trap
This article analyses variations in the provision (breadth and depth) of skill formation through technical and vocational education (TVE) in secondary education in middle-income countries. A growing consensus blames productivity stagnation for the middle-income trap and advocates more human capital to boost productivity. Building on the extensive political economy literature of skill formation in developed economies, the article emphasises the im…
Business and development
A recent wave of research – including the five books we review – argues for paying more attention to business and the private sector when explaining development outcomes. We draw on these books to make four main arguments. First, micro-attention to variations in business organization and behavior forces a framework shift away from a statist literature that attributed explanatory power to bureaucracies and state capacity and away from market-orien…
Promoting quality education in Chile
Reformers in developing countries increasingly seek to raise education quality. Yet we know little about the politics of improving education. One significant and instructive case of reforms designed to boost education quality comes from Chile, where in 2016 the government enacted a sweeping reform of teaching careers. This paper first uses a quantitative analysis of appearances in the news to identify key stakeholders and then turns to process tr…
Bringing the Heat Home
Efforts to educate the general public about global warming and the potential policy solutions that could mitigate its effects have relied on the diffusion of facts. But, cognitive scientists have documented that psychologically distant events like global warming elicit less concern and motivation to act relative to immediate, proximal and certain events. This paper documents a quasi-experiment that tested the effect on attitudes of a television c…
The politics of quality reforms and the challenges for SDGs in education
Easy and Hard Redistribution
Comparative research on Latin American welfare states recently has focused on the extension of non-contributory benefits to those outside the formal labor market. This extension of benefits constitutes a major break from past exclusionary welfare regimes. Yet there also are substantial areas of continuity, especially in the contributory social-insurance system that absorbs most of welfare budgets. We develop here a framework for studying changes …
Unfinished legacy
Three core topics in Alice Amsden’s work have special relevance for the analysis of development in Latin America. First, relationships of reciprocity were prominent in developmental states of East Asia where governments provided firms with large subsidies in return for exacting performance standards. Reciprocity was weak or absent in many industrial policies in Latin America. Second, Amsden emphasised the central role of diversified, family-owned…
The Middle-Income Trap
Economists have identified the existence of a middle-income (MI) trap but have yet to analyze the politics of this trap. The authors argue that countries in theMItrap face two major institutional and political challenges. First, the policies necessary to upgrade productivity—as in human capital and innovation—require enormous investment in institutional capacity. Second, these institutional challenges come at a time when political capacity for bu…
The developmental state in Brazil
The record of successful developmental states in East Asia and the partial successes of developmental states in Latin America suggest several common preconditions for effective state intervention including a Weberian bureaucracy, monitoring of implementation, reciprocity (subsidies in exchange for performance), and collaborative relations between government and business. Although Brazil failed to develop the high technology manufacturing industry…
Negotiating Education Reform
Reforms designed to improve the quality of teaching by reforming personnel practices, such as pay for performance arrangements, usually run into opposition from well‐organized teacher unions that can either block reform in the short run or undermine it over the longer term. The experience of a series of reforms that introduced collective and individual pay incentives for teachers in Chile from 1990 to 2010 provide a rare example of ongoing negoti…
Studying Political Economy in Latin America
Luna, Murillo, and Schrank (LMS) do our field a very valuable service by raising questions on the state of research on the political economy in Latin America and where it should be going. They cover a lot of ground in a short space, leaving a smorgasbord of issues to mull over, question, or endorse. To my mind, some of the most promising critiques in the memo are that there are gaps in the field and that those gaps are due in part to methodologic…
Hierarchical Capitalism in Latin America
This book argues that Latin America has a distinctive, enduring form of hierarchical capitalism characterized by multinational corporations, diversified business groups, low skills and segmented labor markets. Over time, institutional complementarities knit features of corporate governance and labor markets together and thus contribute to institutional resiliency. Political systems generally favored elites and insiders who further reinforced exis…
How Democracy Works
Over the past 30 years, democratic freedoms and competitive electoral processes have taken hold as never before in Latin America. How Democracy Works takes a detailed look, from an institutional perspective, at each of the main actors on the policymaking stage in Latin America, emphasizing the extent to which institutions facilitate or hinder intertemporal political cooperation and compromise. It analyzes official political actors and arenas, as …
Complementarities and continuities in the political economy of labour markets in Latin America
In a comparative institutional or 'variety of capitalism' perspective, the distinctive traits of labor markets in Latin America differ in most respects from labor markets in developed countries.Moreover, there are strong economic complementarities among five core features of labor markets in Latin America: low skill levels, high labor regulation, short job tenure, a large informal sector, and small, politicized unions that lack plant level repres…
A comparative political economy of diversified business groups, or how states organize big business
Diversified business groups are present in nearly all economies and dominate the private sector in most developing countries. This article seeks to add to existing theories, primarily economic and sociological, by analyzing the policies and state actions that promote and sustain business groups, and contribute to significant cross-national variations among them along dimensions of size, range of diversification, and reactions to globalization. Th…
Hierarchical Market Economies and Varieties of Capitalism in Latin America
The extensive scholarship on 'varieties of capitalism' offers some conceptual and theoretical innovations that can be fruitfully employed to analyse the distinctive institutional foundations of capitalism in Latin America, or what could be called hierarchical market economies (HMEs). This perspective helps identify four core features of HMEs in Latin America that structure business access to essential inputs of capital, technology and labour: div…
Inequality in developed countries and Latin America
The first half of this article explains the enduring disparities in inequality and welfare states across advanced economies in terms of varieties of capitalism and political systems. Where capitalism is coordinated, as in much of northern Europe, political systems are consensus-based with proportional representation (PR); consensus politics and coordinated capitalism reinforce each other in generating relatively low inequality and strong welfare …
Economic Liberalization and Corporate Governance
La organizacion de los intereses economicos y las coaliciones politicas en el proceso de las reformas de mercado en America Latina
Business Politics and the State in Twentieth-Century Latin America
This is the first systematically comparative and historical analysis of the incorporation of business into politics in Latin America, examining business organizing and political activity over the last century in five of the largest, most developed countries of the region. Why did business end up better organized in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico than in Argentina and Brazil? The explanation for the surprising cross-national variations lays neither i…
Business Politics and the State in Twentieth-Century Latin America
Organizing Interests and Coalitions in the Politics of Market Reform in Latin America
A recent wave of deep empirical research provides a solid basis for a comparative reassessment of the role of coalitions in the politics of market reform in Latin America in the 1990s. This research confirms earlier findings that interest groups and distributional coalitions were not major protagonists in either antireform or proreform coalitions. The new research goes further empirically into analyzing the origins of interests, especially busine…
Why is Mexican Business so Organized
In the twentieth century, big business in Mexico invested much more in voluntary encompassing associations than business did elsewhere in Latin America. Multisectoral associations like the CCE, the CMNH, Coparmex, and COECE are rare in the other large countries of the region. Three primary factors gave Mexican business stronger incentives to invest in these associations. First, Mexican business was excluded from elections, PRI politics, and appoi…
The Middle-Income Trap
Economists have identified the existence of a middle-income (MI) trap but have yet to analyze the politics of this trap. The authors argue that countries in theMItrap face two major institutional and political challenges. First, the policies necessary to upgrade productivity—as in human capital and innovation—require enormous investment in institutional capacity. Second, these institutional challenges come at a time when political capacity for bu…
Hierarchical Market Economies and Varieties of Capitalism in Latin America
The extensive scholarship on 'varieties of capitalism' offers some conceptual and theoretical innovations that can be fruitfully employed to analyse the distinctive institutional foundations of capitalism in Latin America, or what could be called hierarchical market economies (HMEs). This perspective helps identify four core features of HMEs in Latin America that structure business access to essential inputs of capital, technology and labour: div…
Easy and Hard Redistribution
Comparative research on Latin American welfare states recently has focused on the extension of non-contributory benefits to those outside the formal labor market. This extension of benefits constitutes a major break from past exclusionary welfare regimes. Yet there also are substantial areas of continuity, especially in the contributory social-insurance system that absorbs most of welfare budgets. We develop here a framework for studying changes …
Inequality in developed countries and Latin America
The first half of this article explains the enduring disparities in inequality and welfare states across advanced economies in terms of varieties of capitalism and political systems. Where capitalism is coordinated, as in much of northern Europe, political systems are consensus-based with proportional representation (PR); consensus politics and coordinated capitalism reinforce each other in generating relatively low inequality and strong welfare …
Organizing Interests and Coalitions in the Politics of Market Reform in Latin America
A recent wave of deep empirical research provides a solid basis for a comparative reassessment of the role of coalitions in the politics of market reform in Latin America in the 1990s. This research confirms earlier findings that interest groups and distributional coalitions were not major protagonists in either antireform or proreform coalitions. The new research goes further empirically into analyzing the origins of interests, especially busine…
Economic Liberalization and Corporate Governance
The Career Connection
Career patterns in the public sector affect both the ability of officials to formulate preferences that diverge from interests in society and the insulation that allows them to pursue their policy preferences. A narrow recruitment base and shared training help form a prestigious bureaucratic elite conscious of its state mission. Low levels of circulation between public and private employment reinforce a state identity among officials ; low circul…
A comparative political economy of diversified business groups, or how states organize big business
Diversified business groups are present in nearly all economies and dominate the private sector in most developing countries. This article seeks to add to existing theories, primarily economic and sociological, by analyzing the policies and state actions that promote and sustain business groups, and contribute to significant cross-national variations among them along dimensions of size, range of diversification, and reactions to globalization. Th…
Elusive Synergy
Big business is back. After a puzzling absence, business politics and relations between business and the state have once again become a privileged locus of analyses of development and democracy and of contending theoretical perspectives in comparative political economy. I say once again because business-state relations occupied a similarly central locus in the late 1970s in comparative political economy. Then, big business was a prominent protago…
Complementarities and continuities in the political economy of labour markets in Latin America
In a comparative institutional or 'variety of capitalism' perspective, the distinctive traits of labor markets in Latin America differ in most respects from labor markets in developed countries.Moreover, there are strong economic complementarities among five core features of labor markets in Latin America: low skill levels, high labor regulation, short job tenure, a large informal sector, and small, politicized unions that lack plant level repres…
Business and development
A recent wave of research – including the five books we review – argues for paying more attention to business and the private sector when explaining development outcomes. We draw on these books to make four main arguments. First, micro-attention to variations in business organization and behavior forces a framework shift away from a statist literature that attributed explanatory power to bureaucracies and state capacity and away from market-orien…
The developmental state in Brazil
The record of successful developmental states in East Asia and the partial successes of developmental states in Latin America suggest several common preconditions for effective state intervention including a Weberian bureaucracy, monitoring of implementation, reciprocity (subsidies in exchange for performance), and collaborative relations between government and business. Although Brazil failed to develop the high technology manufacturing industry…
Democratic Consolidations
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button
The politics of quality reforms and the challenges for SDGs in education
Negotiating Education Reform
Reforms designed to improve the quality of teaching by reforming personnel practices, such as pay for performance arrangements, usually run into opposition from well‐organized teacher unions that can either block reform in the short run or undermine it over the longer term. The experience of a series of reforms that introduced collective and individual pay incentives for teachers in Chile from 1990 to 2010 provide a rare example of ongoing negoti…
Organized Business Politics in Democratic Brazil
In May 1996 Brazil's National Confederation of Industry (CNI) convened a meeting of industrialists in Brasilia for a mass show of unity and focused lobbying in favor of constitutional reform. Industrialists large and small heeded the call. Nearly three thousand of them from all over Brazil chartered planes and packed shuttles. Fortified by a morning of speeches demanding constitutional reforms, the industrialists fanned out over Brasilia in the a…
Promoting quality education in Chile
Reformers in developing countries increasingly seek to raise education quality. Yet we know little about the politics of improving education. One significant and instructive case of reforms designed to boost education quality comes from Chile, where in 2016 the government enacted a sweeping reform of teaching careers. This paper first uses a quantitative analysis of appearances in the news to identify key stakeholders and then turns to process tr…
The New Institutional Economics, Business Associations, and Development
With the demise of development economics in the 1970s, the academic discipline of economics had little specific theorizing on development to offer practioners and proffered instead universal, liberal nostrums of free trade and free markets (Wing, 1990). These universal prescriptions evolved into the first catalogued Washington consensus in the 1980s on the urgency of market-oriented reforms in developing countries (Williamson, 1990). In the 1990s…
Teacher Unions, Political Machines, and the Thorny Politics of Education Reform in Latin America
Existing research on developing countries emphasizes the decisive power of teacher unions in education politics. Yet that power varies, and a full understanding of the roots of union power and the sources of cross-national variation requires deeper analysis of organizational dynamics within unions. This analysis supports four arguments. First, teachers have a range of advantages in overcoming obstacles to collective action. Second, unions are not…
Partly for Sale
financial policy caught on as quickly in as many different countries as privatization, trumpeted the Financial Times (1987) recently. In Europe and the United States in the 1980s, victorious conservatives led an assault on the state (both its welfare and productive arms), but the movement included more than just conservative free marketeers. Spanish socialists were privatizing, and Communist party leaders in China and the Soviet Union introduced …
Chile’s Inclusion Law
Chile’s Inclusion Law, passed in 2015, significantly increased government regulation of one of the most privatised education systems in the world and provided major redistributive benefits. How did Chile’s government succeed in passing and implementing this legislation in the face of a powerful and cohesive opposition? Our study finds that student protesters served as the initial impetus, shaping the education debate and increasing the political …
La organizacion de los intereses economicos y las coaliciones politicas en el proceso de las reformas de mercado en America Latina
Las relaciones entre el estado y las empresas y sus consecuencias para el desarrollo
Gatekeeper of Influence
In Mexico, state actors controlled the channels for business-government relations during the NAFTA negotiations. However, state actors depended on the private sector for information, political support and adaptation to free trade. They incorporated business representatives into the negotiations through COECE, a business association. Our analysis of five agro-industrial sectors shows that sectors with large homogeneous firms, strong associations a…
La burguesía desarticulada de Brasil
Business in Brazil appears to have strong business associations, but in fact many formally imposing organizations do not represent business effectively in large part because of corporatist framework imposed on them in the 1940s. In the 1980s several groups of industrialists recognized these deficiencies and formed new associations. These have enhanced the representation of some segments of business but overall further disarticulated business in B…
Wordsworth's Cambridge Education
The “London Stage” information bank
Partly for Sale
financial policy caught on as quickly in as many different countries as privatization, trumpeted the Financial Times (1987) recently. In Europe and the United States in the 1980s, victorious conservatives led an assault on the state (both its welfare and productive arms), but the movement included more than just conservative free marketeers. Spanish socialists were privatizing, and Communist party leaders in China and the Soviet Union introduced …
Politics within the State
A privatização no governo Collor
Este artigo examina e avalia a experiência brasileira de privatização. Um novo consenso emerge no governo Collor, favorecendo a liberalização do comércio e a privatização. A estratégia de substituição de importações está esgotada e as ideias de dependência e estruturalistas estão em crise, mas isso não significa que as ideias liberais agora sejam dominantes. A nova estratégia orientada para o mercado tem um caráter bastante pragmático
The Career Connection
Career patterns in the public sector affect both the ability of officials to formulate preferences that diverge from interests in society and the insulation that allows them to pursue their policy preferences. A narrow recruitment base and shared training help form a prestigious bureaucratic elite conscious of its state mission. Low levels of circulation between public and private employment reinforce a state identity among officials ; low circul…
Politics within the State
Brazil was one of the most successful examples of state-led industrialization in the post-1945 era. Yet the Brazilian bureaucracy is very fragmented, personalized, and ad hoc. Turnover is high, all policy-relevant positions are subject to political appointment, and officials spend only a short time in positions for which they often lack expertise. How can such a state function, let alone foster rapid economic transformation? To solve this riddle,…
The fiscal impact of privatisation in Latin America
The goal of achieving fiscal balance through privatisation is misplaced because the revenues generated are rarely large or timely enough to bring the budget deficit under control. In Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile fiscal crisis preceded and encouraged the decision to privatise, but only in Argentina did the revenues from privatisation contribute significantly to fiscal adjustment. The article develops a model, incorporating time preferences…
La burguesía desarticulada de Brasil
Business in Brazil appears to have strong business associations, but in fact many formally imposing organizations do not represent business effectively in large part because of corporatist framework imposed on them in the 1940s. In the 1980s several groups of industrialists recognized these deficiencies and formed new associations. These have enhanced the representation of some segments of business but overall further disarticulated business in B…
Democratic Consolidations
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button
Elusive Synergy
Big business is back. After a puzzling absence, business politics and relations between business and the state have once again become a privileged locus of analyses of development and democracy and of contending theoretical perspectives in comparative political economy. I say once again because business-state relations occupied a similarly central locus in the late 1970s in comparative political economy. Then, big business was a prominent protago…
Organized Business Politics in Democratic Brazil
In May 1996 Brazil's National Confederation of Industry (CNI) convened a meeting of industrialists in Brasilia for a mass show of unity and focused lobbying in favor of constitutional reform. Industrialists large and small heeded the call. Nearly three thousand of them from all over Brazil chartered planes and packed shuttles. Fortified by a morning of speeches demanding constitutional reforms, the industrialists fanned out over Brasilia in the a…
Las relaciones entre el estado y las empresas y sus consecuencias para el desarrollo
Business Associations and Economic Development
Most current theoretical treatments view business associations as rent-seeking, special interest groups. Yet, empirical research in a wide range of developing countries reveals a broad range of functions and activities undertaken by business associations, many of which promote efficiency. These positive functions address crucial development issues (emphasized in the New Institutional Economics) such as strengthening property rights, facilitating …
The New Institutional Economics, Business Associations, and Development
With the demise of development economics in the 1970s, the academic discipline of economics had little specific theorizing on development to offer practioners and proffered instead universal, liberal nostrums of free trade and free markets (Wing, 1990). These universal prescriptions evolved into the first catalogued Washington consensus in the 1980s on the urgency of market-oriented reforms in developing countries (Williamson, 1990). In the 1990s…
Gatekeeper of Influence
In Mexico, state actors controlled the channels for business-government relations during the NAFTA negotiations. However, state actors depended on the private sector for information, political support and adaptation to free trade. They incorporated business representatives into the negotiations through COECE, a business association. Our analysis of five agro-industrial sectors shows that sectors with large homogeneous firms, strong associations a…
Why is Mexican Business so Organized
In the twentieth century, big business in Mexico invested much more in voluntary encompassing associations than business did elsewhere in Latin America. Multisectoral associations like the CCE, the CMNH, Coparmex, and COECE are rare in the other large countries of the region. Three primary factors gave Mexican business stronger incentives to invest in these associations. First, Mexican business was excluded from elections, PRI politics, and appoi…
Business Politics and the State in Twentieth-Century Latin America
This is the first systematically comparative and historical analysis of the incorporation of business into politics in Latin America, examining business organizing and political activity over the last century in five of the largest, most developed countries of the region. Why did business end up better organized in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico than in Argentina and Brazil? The explanation for the surprising cross-national variations lays neither i…
Business Politics and the State in Twentieth-Century Latin America
Organizing Interests and Coalitions in the Politics of Market Reform in Latin America
A recent wave of deep empirical research provides a solid basis for a comparative reassessment of the role of coalitions in the politics of market reform in Latin America in the 1990s. This research confirms earlier findings that interest groups and distributional coalitions were not major protagonists in either antireform or proreform coalitions. The new research goes further empirically into analyzing the origins of interests, especially busine…
La organizacion de los intereses economicos y las coaliciones politicas en el proceso de las reformas de mercado en America Latina
Economic Liberalization and Corporate Governance
A comparative political economy of diversified business groups, or how states organize big business
Diversified business groups are present in nearly all economies and dominate the private sector in most developing countries. This article seeks to add to existing theories, primarily economic and sociological, by analyzing the policies and state actions that promote and sustain business groups, and contribute to significant cross-national variations among them along dimensions of size, range of diversification, and reactions to globalization. Th…
Hierarchical Market Economies and Varieties of Capitalism in Latin America
The extensive scholarship on 'varieties of capitalism' offers some conceptual and theoretical innovations that can be fruitfully employed to analyse the distinctive institutional foundations of capitalism in Latin America, or what could be called hierarchical market economies (HMEs). This perspective helps identify four core features of HMEs in Latin America that structure business access to essential inputs of capital, technology and labour: div…
Inequality in developed countries and Latin America
The first half of this article explains the enduring disparities in inequality and welfare states across advanced economies in terms of varieties of capitalism and political systems. Where capitalism is coordinated, as in much of northern Europe, political systems are consensus-based with proportional representation (PR); consensus politics and coordinated capitalism reinforce each other in generating relatively low inequality and strong welfare …
Political science (39 obras) · Economics (28 obras) · Politics (26 obras) · Law (18 obras) · Latin Americans (17 obras) · Political economy (16 obras) · Sociology (15 obras) · Business (12 obras) · Market economy (12 obras) · Economic Theory and Policy (11 obras)