Karl Christoph Klauer
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 4231899 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Karl Christoph Klauer |
| NOMBRES | Karl Christoph |
| APELLIDO | Klauer |
| FIRMA | KLAUER K C |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Freiburg |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4004-035X |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 48 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 217 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 47 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1992 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
All types of recognition errors are (at least partly) attributable to misleading memory evidence, even false alarms
The error-speed effect, in which items are responded to more accurately if associated with a slow rather than fast erroneous response in a preceding task, is often interpreted as evidence that recognition errors are sometimes driven by systematically misleading memory evidence. However, recent observations challenge this interpretation demonstrating that the error-speed effect only occurs among previously studied items but not among non-studied i…
Reconsidering Categorization-Related Inferences from Multicultural and Colorblind Prejudice Reduction Interventions
A recurring social-psychological debate surrounds the role of social categorization in moderating prejudice. In the course of this debate, researchers have examined the effectiveness of prejudice reduction interventions, reducing or reinforcing social categorization (e.g., colorblind vs. multicultural interventions). Many of the conclusions drawn in this research domain have come from studies relying on operationalizations provided by Wolsko et a…
The disputed role of knowledge in truth illusions
It has been argued that the illusory truth effect - the tendency to judge repeated statements as more likely true - persists even when a statement is known to be false, whereas a competing view maintains that knowledge shields against such truth illusions. In this study, we reexamine two models of truth judgment that formalize these opposing perspectives: the fluency-conditional model (FCM), which assumes that repetition-induced fluency can overr…
Sometimes memory misleads
The error-speed effect describes the observation that the speed of recognition errors in a first binary recognition task predicts the response accuracy in a subsequent two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) task that comprises the erroneously judged items of the first task. So far, the effect has been primarily explained by the assumption that some error responses result from misleading memory evidence. However, it is also possible that the effect …
On Bayes factors for hypothesis tests
We develop alternative families of Bayes factors for use in hypothesis tests as alternatives to the popular default Bayes factors. The alternative Bayes factors are derived for the statistical analyses most commonly used in psychological research – one-sample and two-sample t tests, regression, and ANOVA analyses. They possess the same desirable theoretical and practical properties as the default Bayes factors and satisfy additional theoretical d…
Rethinking Knowledge’s Impact on the Illusory Truth Effect
Repeated exposure to information increases receptivity to it, even when prior knowledge is present, according to the illusory truth effect. Fazio et al. provided empirical support for this phenomenon and proposed a model that posited dominance of fluency cues, relative to knowledge utilization. This model better elucidated participants’ behaviors than an alternative model assuming precedence of knowledge processes over fluency-related mechanisms.…
A Tutorial on Response-Time Extended Multinomial Processing Tree Models in Social Cognition
Multinomial processing tree (MPT) models can provide novel insights into the cognitive processes underlying a wide variety of social cognitive judgments and behaviors. In previous research, MPT models have been used to disentangle the contributions of multiple latent processes to tasks configured to assess moral reasoning, processing fluency, decision-making, implicit biases, and social categorization, among many other topics. However, until rece…
Institutional Trust in Crisis? Conceptual and Methodological Challenges in Measuring Institutional Trust
Trust is a fundamental aspect of social life and essential for the proper functioning of democratic systems. In recent years, a growing number of studies and public discourses have diagnosed a crisis of trust in key public institutions. Such verdicts often rely on large‐scale surveys and experiments that aim to measure institutional trust. But how is trust exactly measured in these contexts, and what underlying conceptual assumptions shape these …
The link between social categorization and spontaneous social evaluations
Do moments of inattention during study cause the error-speed effect for targets in recognition-memory tasks
The error-speed effect – characterized by a decreased performance in a second recognition task for stimuli that elicited fast error responses in a first recognition task – has so far been predominantly interpreted as evidence for the existence of misleading memory information. However, this neglects a possible alternative explanation, namely that the effect may instead be caused by moments of inattention during study. Here, we introduce a manipul…
Invariance Violations and the CNI Model of Moral Judgments
A number of papers have applied the CNI model of moral judgments to investigate deontological and consequentialist response tendencies. A controversy has emerged concerning the methodological assumptions of the CNI model. In this article, we contribute to this debate by extending the CNI paradigm with a skip option. This allows us to test an invariance assumption that the CNI model shares with prominent process-dissociation models in cognitive an…
Possible worlds truth table task
The stability of syllogistic reasoning performance over time
How individuals reason deductively has concerned researchers for many years. Yet, it is still unclear whether, and if so how, participants’ reasoning performance changes over time. In two test sessions one week apart, we examined how the syllogistic reasoning performance of 100 participants changed within and between sessions. Participants’ reasoning performance increased during the first session. A week later, they started off at the same level …
The repulsion effect in preferential choice and its relation to perceptual choice
People rely on the choice context to guide their decisions, violating fundamental principles of rational choice theory and exhibiting phenomena called context effects. Recent research has uncovered that dominance relationships can both increase or decrease the choice share of the dominating option, marking the two ends of an attraction-repulsion continuum. However, empirical links between the two opposing effects are scarce and theoretical accoun…
On the use of gender categories and emotion categories in threat‐based person impressions
People often form impressions of others in contexts where both relatively static demographic cues (e.g., age, race, gender) and situationally flexible, dynamic cues (e.g., emotion expressions) are available. We examined whether and how attending to gender (male, female) versus emotion expression (neutral, smiling) affects threat‐based person impressions. In three experiments, we heightened the salience of either gender categories or emotion categ…
Reducing implicit racial preferences
Implicit bias change was initially assumed to reflect changes in associations, but subsequent research demonstrated that implicit bias change can also reflect changes in control-oriented processes that constrain the expression of associations. The present research examines the process-level effects of 17 different implicit bias-reduction interventions and one sham intervention by analyzing data from more than 20,000 participants who completed an …
Applying processing trees in social psychology
Processing tree models offer a powerful research framework by which the contributions of cognitive processes to a task can be separated and quantified. The present article reviews a number of applications of processing tree models in the domain of social psychology in order to illustrate the steps to be taken in developing and validating a given model and applying it to the measurement and comparison of processes across experimental and quasi-exp…
Seeing More Than Others
Researchers have long argued that aggressive individuals automatically tend to perceive hostile intent in others, even when it is in fact absent (hostile attribution bias). Wilkowski and Robinson (2012) recently showed, however, that aggressive individuals were particularly accurate in the identification of subtle cues of facial anger, indicating greater perceptual sensitivity to anger information rather than a biased perception or interpretation…
Model Testing and Selection, Theory of
Implicit Association Test
Measures of Implicit Attitudes May Conceal Differences in Implicit Associations
Performance on implicit attitude measures is influenced both by the nature of activated evaluative associations and by people’s ability to regulate those associations as they respond. One consequence is that identical implicit attitude scores may conceal different underlying processes. This study demonstrated this phenomenon and also shed light on the nature of age differences in antiaging bias on implicit attitude measures. Although younger and …
Methods and statistics in social psychology—refinements and new developments
European Journal of Social PsychologyVolume 44, Issue 7 p. 671-672 Special section editorial Methods and statistics in social psychology—refinements and new developments First published: 18 December 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2086Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions …
Gendered race prototypes
How malleable is categorization by race? Evidence for competitive category use in social categorization
We contrast 3 theoretical viewpoints concerning the factors affecting social categorization by race: (a) the classical theory of social categorization highlighting the role of a priori accessibility and situational factors, (b) the classical theory augmented by a principle of competitive category use, and (c) competition between race (but not gender) and coalition with race (but not gender) encoded only as a proxy to coalition. Study 1 documents …
Assessing Individual Differences in the Need for Interpersonal Touch and Need for Touch
The present study investigates individual differences in the automatic use of haptic information from interpersonal touch. We present a questionnaire assessing individual differences in the need for interpersonal touch (NFIPT), which was validated within an unrelated product-evaluation task. Before entering the laboratory, participants were briefly touched on the shoulder or received no touch. Assessing confidence and frustration within the follo…
Gendered race prototypes
Unraveling social categorization in the "Who said what?" paradigm
A multinomial model of the "Who said what?" paradigm (S. E. Taylor, S. T. Fiske, N. J. Etcoff, & A. J. Ruderman, 1978) explains the pattern of participants' assignment errors by means of the joint operation of several processes. Specifically, memory for discussion statements, person memory, category memory, and 3 different guessing processes can be accommodated by the model. The model's ability to disentangle these processes is validated in a ser…
Aging and prejudice
It’s in the mind of the beholder
Controllability and resource dependence in automatic evaluation
Crossed categorization and stereotyping
Social context and the self-regulation of implicit bias
Placing outgroup members in positive social contexts can reduce implicit bias. Different contexts may activate different associations of the group. Alternatively, contexts may act as cues for inhibiting bias. We applied the Quad model (Sherman et al., 2008) to address these possibilities. We also examined how motivation moderates these effects. Participants completed a Black—White evaluative priming task with primes presented in positive versus n…
Automatic’ evaluation? Strategic effects on affective priming
Two studies examined strategic effects on affective priming. Extending prior research by Klauer and Teige-Mocigemba [Klauer, K. C., & Teige-Mocigemba, S. (2007). Controllability and resource dependence in automatic evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 648–655], the influence of different control strategies on a priming measure of prejudice was assessed. In both studies, a short stimulus onset asynchrony between prime and ta…
Method-Specific Variance in the Implicit Association Test
The Implicit Association Test (IAT; A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998) can be used to assess interindividual differences in the strength of associative links between representational structures such as attitude objects and evaluations. Four experiments are reported that explore the extent of method-specific variance in the IAT. The most important findings are that conventionally scored IAT effects contain reliable interindi…
Bias and regulation of bias in intergroup interactions
Process components of the Implicit Association Test
The authors present a diffusion-model analysis of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). In Study 1, the IAT effect was decomposed into 3 dissociable components: Relative to the compatible phase, (a) ease and speed of information accumulation are lowered in the incompatible phase, (b) more cautious speed-accuracy settings are adopted, and (c) nondecision components of processing require more time. Studies 2 and 3 assessed the nature of interindivid…
Perceiving minority members as individuals
According to the account by comparative distinctiveness, minorities draw attention by virtue of their relative size, leading to more individuation and more stereotyping of their members. Using the ‘Who said what?’ paradigm by Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, and Ruderman ( 1978 ) in Klauer and Wegener's ( 1998 ) modified version, relative group size of gender categories and age categories was varied in a pilot study and a main experiment, respectively. In …
How attitudes guide memory-based judgments
Contrast effects in spontaneous evaluations
In the affective-priming paradigm, target stimuli are preceded by evaluatively polarized prime stimuli and then are to be classified as either good or bad as fast as possible. The typical and robust finding is assimilation: Primes facilitate the processing of evaluatively consistent targets relative to evaluatively inconsistent targets. Nevertheless, contrast effects have repeatedly been observed. The authors propose a new psychophysical account …
Inter‐category versus intra‐category fit
The goal of the research reported in this article was to examine whether social categorization, commonly thought to be a function of accessibility and intra‐category fit, is also sensitive to changes in inter‐category fit. Intra‐category fit refers to the match between a target person's features and stored categorical knowledge, inter‐category fit to the extent to which category memberships and targets' features covary across perceived group memb…
How malleable is categorization by race? Evidence for competitive category use in social categorization
We contrast 3 theoretical viewpoints concerning the factors affecting social categorization by race: (a) the classical theory of social categorization highlighting the role of a priori accessibility and situational factors, (b) the classical theory augmented by a principle of competitive category use, and (c) competition between race (but not gender) and coalition with race (but not gender) encoded only as a proxy to coalition. Study 1 documents …
Counter‐prejudicial training reduces activation of biased associations and enhances response monitoring
Although implicitly measured bias was once assumed to be highly stable, subsequent research has shown that it is, in fact, malleable. One technique for altering implicit bias is through counter‐prejudicial training. At least two broad mechanisms may drive this effect. First, training people to respond in counter‐prejudicial ways may diminish the extent to which biased associations are activated in memory. Second, training may strengthen processes…
Mechanisms of Group Membership and Exemplar Exposure Effects on Implicit Attitudes
This research examines the mechanisms underlying group-based differences in implicit attitudes and malleability of implicit attitudes resulting from exposure to exemplars. We tested whether these effects are due to differences in activated associations or to the regulation of those associations. In Study 1, Black participants exhibited less pro-White bias and activation of pro-White and anti-Black associations compared with White participants. In…
Reducing implicit racial preferences
Implicit bias change was initially assumed to reflect changes in associations, but subsequent research demonstrated that implicit bias change can also reflect changes in control-oriented processes that constrain the expression of associations. The present research examines the process-level effects of 17 different implicit bias-reduction interventions and one sham intervention by analyzing data from more than 20,000 participants who completed an …
Social categorization and fit detection under cognitive load
Participants perceived a discussion between members of two social categories in a name-matching paradigm. Discussions either exhibited inter-category fit, defined as a covariation of category membership and the category members' attitude positions, or not. Orthogonally, there was cognitive load at encoding, load at retrieval, or no concurrent load. Memory for the statements and memory for the speaker of a statement were affected by load with litt…
Flexible use of source information
Counterfactual processing
Bouts, Spears and van der Pligt (1992) recently proposed an hierarchical correspondence model of counterfactual processing. They argue that counterfactual processing is governed by the correspondence between events and outcomes along three dimensions: the causal relationship of events and outcomes, their evaluative tone and their normality. Causal relationship, valence and normality of events and outcomes were varied in a factorial design within …
Assessing Individual Differences in the Use of Haptic Information Using a German Translation of the Need for Touch Scale
A German version of the Need for Touch scale (NFT) was developed and validated in two experiments. Study 1 examined moderator effects of NFT on the influence of product experience on confidence and frustration in product evaluations. As expected, only for high-NFT individuals, confidence increased and frustration decreased when haptic information was available. In Study 2, we explored the influence of NFT in a gambling task. Results showed that i…
Social presence effects on the stroop task
Two studies investigated boundary conditions of an effect of social presence on the Stroop task and its interpretation in terms of an attentional view (P. Huguet, M. P. Galvaing, J. M. Monteil, & F. Dumas, 1999). In this view, social presence leads to attentional focusing, enhancing participants’ ability to screen out the distracting features of Stroop stimuli. As predicted, Stroop interference was found to be reduced by social presence, but an a…
How attitudes guide memory-based judgments
Counterfactual processing
Bouts, Spears and van der Pligt (1992) recently proposed an hierarchical correspondence model of counterfactual processing. They argue that counterfactual processing is governed by the correspondence between events and outcomes along three dimensions: the causal relationship of events and outcomes, their evaluative tone and their normality. Causal relationship, valence and normality of events and outcomes were varied in a factorial design within …
Affective Priming
It is frequently assumed that people spontaneously evaluate any incoming stimulus as pleasant or unpleasant, liked or disliked, good or bad. This evaluative reaction is sometimes held to be automatic and unconditional, and it is claimed to precede cognitive analysis of the stimulus. Evaluative processes of this kind play a central role in current theories of emotion and attitude. One avenue to studying the evaluative response has been the affecti…
Unraveling social categorization in the "Who said what?" paradigm
A multinomial model of the "Who said what?" paradigm (S. E. Taylor, S. T. Fiske, N. J. Etcoff, & A. J. Ruderman, 1978) explains the pattern of participants' assignment errors by means of the joint operation of several processes. Specifically, memory for discussion statements, person memory, category memory, and 3 different guessing processes can be accommodated by the model. The model's ability to disentangle these processes is validated in a ser…
Perceiving minority members as individuals
According to the account by comparative distinctiveness, minorities draw attention by virtue of their relative size, leading to more individuation and more stereotyping of their members. Using the ‘Who said what?’ paradigm by Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, and Ruderman ( 1978 ) in Klauer and Wegener's ( 1998 ) modified version, relative group size of gender categories and age categories was varied in a pilot study and a main experiment, respectively. In …
Crossed categorization and stereotyping
It’s in the mind of the beholder
Method-Specific Variance in the Implicit Association Test
The Implicit Association Test (IAT; A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998) can be used to assess interindividual differences in the strength of associative links between representational structures such as attitude objects and evaluations. Four experiments are reported that explore the extent of method-specific variance in the IAT. The most important findings are that conventionally scored IAT effects contain reliable interindi…
Inter‐category versus intra‐category fit
The goal of the research reported in this article was to examine whether social categorization, commonly thought to be a function of accessibility and intra‐category fit, is also sensitive to changes in inter‐category fit. Intra‐category fit refers to the match between a target person's features and stored categorical knowledge, inter‐category fit to the extent to which category memberships and targets' features covary across perceived group memb…
Flexible use of source information
Social categorization and fit detection under cognitive load
Participants perceived a discussion between members of two social categories in a name-matching paradigm. Discussions either exhibited inter-category fit, defined as a covariation of category membership and the category members' attitude positions, or not. Orthogonally, there was cognitive load at encoding, load at retrieval, or no concurrent load. Memory for the statements and memory for the speaker of a statement were affected by load with litt…
Controllability and resource dependence in automatic evaluation
Priming of semantic classifications by novel subliminal prime words
Social presence effects on the stroop task
Two studies investigated boundary conditions of an effect of social presence on the Stroop task and its interpretation in terms of an attentional view (P. Huguet, M. P. Galvaing, J. M. Monteil, & F. Dumas, 1999). In this view, social presence leads to attentional focusing, enhancing participants’ ability to screen out the distracting features of Stroop stimuli. As predicted, Stroop interference was found to be reduced by social presence, but an a…
Process components of the Implicit Association Test
The authors present a diffusion-model analysis of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). In Study 1, the IAT effect was decomposed into 3 dissociable components: Relative to the compatible phase, (a) ease and speed of information accumulation are lowered in the incompatible phase, (b) more cautious speed-accuracy settings are adopted, and (c) nondecision components of processing require more time. Studies 2 and 3 assessed the nature of interindivid…
Aging and prejudice
Automatic’ evaluation? Strategic effects on affective priming
Two studies examined strategic effects on affective priming. Extending prior research by Klauer and Teige-Mocigemba [Klauer, K. C., & Teige-Mocigemba, S. (2007). Controllability and resource dependence in automatic evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 648–655], the influence of different control strategies on a priming measure of prejudice was assessed. In both studies, a short stimulus onset asynchrony between prime and ta…
Bias and regulation of bias in intergroup interactions
Contrast effects in spontaneous evaluations
In the affective-priming paradigm, target stimuli are preceded by evaluatively polarized prime stimuli and then are to be classified as either good or bad as fast as possible. The typical and robust finding is assimilation: Primes facilitate the processing of evaluatively consistent targets relative to evaluatively inconsistent targets. Nevertheless, contrast effects have repeatedly been observed. The authors propose a new psychophysical account …
Social context and the self-regulation of implicit bias
Placing outgroup members in positive social contexts can reduce implicit bias. Different contexts may activate different associations of the group. Alternatively, contexts may act as cues for inhibiting bias. We applied the Quad model (Sherman et al., 2008) to address these possibilities. We also examined how motivation moderates these effects. Participants completed a Black—White evaluative priming task with primes presented in positive versus n…
Mechanisms of Group Membership and Exemplar Exposure Effects on Implicit Attitudes
This research examines the mechanisms underlying group-based differences in implicit attitudes and malleability of implicit attitudes resulting from exposure to exemplars. We tested whether these effects are due to differences in activated associations or to the regulation of those associations. In Study 1, Black participants exhibited less pro-White bias and activation of pro-White and anti-Black associations compared with White participants. In…
Assessing Individual Differences in the Use of Haptic Information Using a German Translation of the Need for Touch Scale
A German version of the Need for Touch scale (NFT) was developed and validated in two experiments. Study 1 examined moderator effects of NFT on the influence of product experience on confidence and frustration in product evaluations. As expected, only for high-NFT individuals, confidence increased and frustration decreased when haptic information was available. In Study 2, we explored the influence of NFT in a gambling task. Results showed that i…
Assessing Individual Differences in the Need for Interpersonal Touch and Need for Touch
The present study investigates individual differences in the automatic use of haptic information from interpersonal touch. We present a questionnaire assessing individual differences in the need for interpersonal touch (NFIPT), which was validated within an unrelated product-evaluation task. Before entering the laboratory, participants were briefly touched on the shoulder or received no touch. Assessing confidence and frustration within the follo…
Counter‐prejudicial training reduces activation of biased associations and enhances response monitoring
Although implicitly measured bias was once assumed to be highly stable, subsequent research has shown that it is, in fact, malleable. One technique for altering implicit bias is through counter‐prejudicial training. At least two broad mechanisms may drive this effect. First, training people to respond in counter‐prejudicial ways may diminish the extent to which biased associations are activated in memory. Second, training may strengthen processes…
Measures of Implicit Attitudes May Conceal Differences in Implicit Associations
Performance on implicit attitude measures is influenced both by the nature of activated evaluative associations and by people’s ability to regulate those associations as they respond. One consequence is that identical implicit attitude scores may conceal different underlying processes. This study demonstrated this phenomenon and also shed light on the nature of age differences in antiaging bias on implicit attitude measures. Although younger and …
Psychology (40 obras) · Social Psychology (34 obras) · Cognitive psychology (29 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (29 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (19 obras) · Cognition (17 obras) · Computer Science (15 obras) · Social Psychology (15 obras) · Artificial Intelligence (11 obras) · Artificial Intelligence (11 obras)