Marc Howard Ross
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 5627031 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Marc Howard Ross |
| NOMBRES | Marc Howard |
| APELLIDO | Ross |
| FIRMA | ROSS M H |
| AFILIACIONES | Bryn Mawr College |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 58 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 580 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 57 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1969 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2012 |
| ÍNDICE H | 16 |
Peace‐Building by, between, and beyond Muslims and Evangelical Christians
Framing failure
Reflections on the Strengths and Limitations to Cross-Cultural Evidence in the Study of Conflict and Its Mitigation
As Mel Ember showed over the years, the cross-cultural record provides a rich source of data to test hypotheses and build theories about conflict and warfare. His and Carol’s work in this area challenged some long-held theories, offered some new and surprising ideas, and provided researchers with an incredible, splendid data-set with which to test additional theories of conflict and warfare. This article describes how the questions he and Carol p…
A Cultural Theory of International Relations - By Richard Ned Lebow
Culture in Comparative Political Analysis
INTRODUCTION This chapter argues that culture is important to the study of politics because it provides a framework for organizing people's daily worlds, locating the self and others in them, making sense of the actions and interpreting the motives of others, for grounding an analysis of interests, for linking identities to political action, and for predisposing people and groups toward some actions and away from others. Culture does these things…
Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies
Why do people invest so much emotional energy and resources in conflicts over images, symbols, rituals, and other cultural expressions? The answers explored in Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies view such expressions as barriers to or opportunities for inclusion in a divided society's symbolic landscape and political life
Sorry states
Sorry states: Apologies in international politics, by Jennifer Lind. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2008, x + 198 pp. with 7 halftones, notes to 234, index to 241. US$39.95 (cloth
Response to John T. Sidel's review of Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict
John T. Sidel's thoughtful review of my book raises two important, intertwined issues that I focus on here: the nature of group identity and the differences he sees between interpretivist and poststructuralist accounts of ethnic conflict. He offers two views of ethnic groups: One argues that strong identities and a sense of groupness precedes, and forms the basis for, conflict, and the other asserts that identities are necessarily incomplete, ina…
Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict
Ethnic conflict often focuses on culturally charged symbols and rituals that evoke strong emotions from all sides. Marc Howard Ross examines battles over diverse cultural expressions, including Islamic headscarves in France, parades in Northern Ireland, holy sites in Jerusalem and Confederate flags in the American South to propose a psychocultural framework for understanding ethnic conflict, as well as barriers to, and opportunities for, its miti…
Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict (Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics)
Bringing Culture Back In
After many years of neglect, political scientists are finally paying attention to the relevance of “culture” to politics (Ross 1997; Bates, de Figueiredo, and Weingast 1998; Eckstein et al. 1998; Kaufman 2001; Wedeen 2002). This theoretical turn raises two important questions: first, why is culture potentially important to the study of politics? Second, if culture matters, how should it be understood and incorporated into political analyses? In C…
Pluralism and the Politics of Difference
Psychocultural Interpretations and Dramas
Ethnic identity connects individuals through perceived common past experiences and expectations of shared future ones. Identity is concerned with group judgments and judgments about groups and their motives. This article explores identity through the case of Loyal Order Protestant parades in Northern Ireland and the concepts of psychocultural interpretations (shared, deeply held worldviews found in group narratives) and psychocultural dramas (con…
Theory and practice of conflict resolution
(2000). Theory and Practice of Conflict Resolution. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 85-87
"Good enough" isn't so bad
Daily headlines demonstrate the importance of increasing our understanding of conflict success in ethnic disputes. Too often, whether in everyday conversations or in scholarly discussion, we communicate despair and find few genuine successes. This article develops a more complex conceptualization of success drawing on psychoanalyst D. W. Winnicott's notion of the good-enough mother. Winnicott's work stimulates valuable insights regarding four key…
PBS Ain't So Different
Critics often complain that network television election coverage is too short, too superficial, and too focused on “horse race” and strategy. As a result, television news viewers are believed to have an inadequate basis for making intelligent democratic electoral choices. Short, fast-moving, episodic stories and dramatic images convey news frames that fail to inform and empower citizens wishing to make the sort of thoughtful, issue-based choices …
Creating the conditions for peacemaking
Establishing the conditions for effective intergroup peacemaking is a formidable task in severe ethnic conflicts. Conflict resolution practitioners argue that a critical first step is developing preconditions which convince competing groups that there are opponents to whom it is worth talking, that it is possible to create structural changes conducive to a stable peace, and that an agreement is possible which can meet each side's basic concerns a…
Subversions of the International Order
Subversions of the International Order: Studies in the Political Anthropology of Culture. John Borneman .Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. 342 pp
Democracy as joint problem solving
Competitive democratic practices whether they rest on majoritarian or proportional principles can be highly problematic in ethnically divided societies exacerbating political tensions, polarizing groups, and threatening stability and prosperity. In contrast to adversarial democracy with its emphasis on divisive institutions such as political parties and elections, this article suggests that an understanding of democracy as joint problem‐solving w…
The Relevance of Culture for the Study of Political Psychology and Ethnic Conflict
There is a powerful tension between the context‐specific analyses which figure prominently in the social sciences in recent years and the emphasis on universal human dynamics which characterizes cross‐cultural psychology. Using the example of ethnic conflict, I seek to bridge the two and suggest that underlying the thick description of single conflicts as the parties understand them is what an earlier generation of psychological anthropologists c…
Aggression and Violence
Minorities at Risk
Ethnic Conflict and Its Management
Raoul Naroll always saw social science as a crucial tool in the struggle to improve the human condition. His comparative cross-level framework for the analysis of social problems offers a powerful methodology for linking social scientific analysis and effective practice. This article draws on Naroll's comparative framework to consider ethnic conflict. His five-step approach is used to outline what is known about ethnic conflict and its management…
Psychocultural Interpretation Theory and Peacemaking in Ethnic Conflicts
Psychocultural interpretation theory explains the intensity and intransigence of ethnic conflicts and in so doing challenges earlier antipsychological views of social and political conflict. It provides a socially rooted psychoanalytic theory and language giving a central role to culturally rooted social and psychological processes which produce dispositions-shared images, perceptions of the external world, and motives for individual and group be…
The Culture of Conflict
Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process
Agenda building is the process through which demands of various groups in a population are translated into issues which vie for the attention of decision makers (formal agenda) and/or the public (public agenda). This paper presents three models for the comparative study of agenda building. The outside initiative model describes groups with minimal prior access to decision makers, who must consequently first expand their issues to a public agenda …
Reconsidering Violence in Simple Human Societies
Galton's Problem in Cross-National Research
Galton's problem raises questions about the nature of explanation in cross-national research using aggregate data. When political units such as states interact, to what extent can correlations between two traits or behaviors, such as socioeconomic development and political stability, be explained in terms of functional relationships within political systems, and to what extent are they the result of diffusion or borrowing among them? This article…
PBS Ain't So Different
Critics often complain that network television election coverage is too short, too superficial, and too focused on “horse race” and strategy. As a result, television news viewers are believed to have an inadequate basis for making intelligent democratic electoral choices. Short, fast-moving, episodic stories and dramatic images convey news frames that fail to inform and empower citizens wishing to make the sort of thoughtful, issue-based choices …
Political Decision Making and Conflict
Psychocultural Interpretations and Dramas
Ethnic identity connects individuals through perceived common past experiences and expectations of shared future ones. Identity is concerned with group judgments and judgments about groups and their motives. This article explores identity through the case of Loyal Order Protestant parades in Northern Ireland and the concepts of psychocultural interpretations (shared, deeply held worldviews found in group narratives) and psychocultural dramas (con…
Creating the conditions for peacemaking
Establishing the conditions for effective intergroup peacemaking is a formidable task in severe ethnic conflicts. Conflict resolution practitioners argue that a critical first step is developing preconditions which convince competing groups that there are opponents to whom it is worth talking, that it is possible to create structural changes conducive to a stable peace, and that an agreement is possible which can meet each side's basic concerns a…
Psychocultural Interpretation Theory and Peacemaking in Ethnic Conflicts
Psychocultural interpretation theory explains the intensity and intransigence of ethnic conflicts and in so doing challenges earlier antipsychological views of social and political conflict. It provides a socially rooted psychoanalytic theory and language giving a central role to culturally rooted social and psychological processes which produce dispositions-shared images, perceptions of the external world, and motives for individual and group be…
"Good enough" isn't so bad
Daily headlines demonstrate the importance of increasing our understanding of conflict success in ethnic disputes. Too often, whether in everyday conversations or in scholarly discussion, we communicate despair and find few genuine successes. This article develops a more complex conceptualization of success drawing on psychoanalyst D. W. Winnicott's notion of the good-enough mother. Winnicott's work stimulates valuable insights regarding four key…
Female Political Participation
In this paper I seek to understand societal-level mechanisms associated with gender-based inclusion and exclusion from political life. The analysis finds two conceptually and statistically independent forms of female political participation: involvement in decision making, and the existence of organizations and/or positions controlled by, or reserved for, women. A multivariate analysis of data from 90 preindustrial societies identifies social str…
The Relevance of Culture for the Study of Political Psychology and Ethnic Conflict
There is a powerful tension between the context‐specific analyses which figure prominently in the social sciences in recent years and the emphasis on universal human dynamics which characterizes cross‐cultural psychology. Using the example of ethnic conflict, I seek to bridge the two and suggest that underlying the thick description of single conflicts as the parties understand them is what an earlier generation of psychological anthropologists c…
Problems of Measurement in Cross-Cultural Research Using Secondary Data
The rural-urban migrant network in Kenya
Rural-urban migration patterns in many settings involve extensive contacts between the city and the country. Such contacts are conceptualized as a rural-urban network of kin who share resources and who visit frequently. Neither setting can be viewed independently of the other. Six antecedent conditions are suggested that should encourage the formation of rural-urban network migration systems. The Influence of the rural-urban network in Kenya is i…
A Cross-Cultural Theory of Political Conflict and Violence
Le degre de conflit ouvert a l'interieur des communautes humaines varie largement. On formule un certain nombre d'hypotheses structurelles et psychoculturelles rendant compte de ces variations. Les hypotheses sont testees a partir de donnees concernant un echantillon mondial de 90 societes preindustrielles typiquement etudiees par les anthropologues. Les racines des conflits internes et externes paraissent etre les modalites rudes de la socialisa…
Subversions of the International Order
Subversions of the International Order: Studies in the Political Anthropology of Culture. John Borneman .Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. 342 pp
Internal and External Conflict and Violence
A general theory of conflict and violence (Ross, forthcoming) can help in understanding the relationship between internal and external conflict. Looking at a sample of 90 preindustrial societies supports the proposition that the two have a moderate, positive relationship. More important, however, the analysis identifies conditions under which the two forms of political conflict are associated, and those under which they are differentiated. The st…
Political Organization and Political Participation
Comparative political studies provide grounds for two very different and competing answers to questions about systemic differences in participation. On the one hand, the political development literature focuses on how increases in the level of resources in a society are the basis for increased political involvement. It suggests that the rising socioeconomic capacity of a system is associated with increasing skills of either a technical nature, su…
Socioeconomic Complexity, Socialization, and Political Differentiation
Television News and Candidate Fortunes in Presidential Nomination Campaigns
This article examines how three potential effects of television news affect the public's perceptions of candidates. Data are used from the networks' nightly news coverage of each candidate during the 1984 Democratic primary campaign and from the National Election Study's 1984 Continuous Monitoring Survey. The analysis provides support for the existence of candidate-specific attention, horse race, and tone effects on (1) the mass public's assessme…
The Role of Evolution in Ethnocentric Conflict and Its Management
Although ethnocentric conflict is perhaps the most intractable political problem of our times, we understand it very incompletely. A useful explanation must be evolutionarily informed, but it must go beyond inclusive fitness theory, the heart of sociobiology. Culturally evolved predispositions for human sociality and social identity are also critical for explaining the intransigence of ethnocentric conflicts, and they could have evolved independe…
The Limits to Social Structure
Social structural explanations for conflict, violence, and warfare abound because there is, indeed, an association between the social organization ofa society and the levels, targets, and conflict management techniques it uses. At the same time, social structural explanations are inadequate in at least two important ways. First, on the empirical level, recent research on political violence and conflict (Ross 1985, 1986) shows that social structur…
Political Alienation, Participation, and Ethnicity
Political alienation is analyzed as feelings of political estrangement and political powerlessness. Data collected in Nairobi, Kenya, show very different social and attitudinal bases for each orientation. In addition, a controlled comparison of the two major ethnic groups in the city, the Kikuyu and Luo, indicates the importance of social structure for understanding the different mechanisms working within subgroups in a population to explain the …
Two Styles of Political Participation in an African City
Sorry states
Sorry states: Apologies in international politics, by Jennifer Lind. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2008, x + 198 pp. with 7 halftones, notes to 234, index to 241. US$39.95 (cloth
Election Night News Coverage as Political Ritual
Television news coverage on election night provides a rapid reporting of results, but it does more than just that. It also, this article argues, presents a particular understanding of the political system to its viewers. Beyond the reporting of electoral outcomes, the authors find election night television to be important as a political ritual in which the positive aspects of the political system are emphasized following a period of divisive elec…
Local Problems and Policies
Community Formation in an Urban Squatter Settlement
Two Styles of Political Participation in an African City
Political Alienation, Participation, and Ethnicity
Political alienation is analyzed as feelings of political estrangement and political powerlessness. Data collected in Nairobi, Kenya, show very different social and attitudinal bases for each orientation. In addition, a controlled comparison of the two major ethnic groups in the city, the Kikuyu and Luo, indicates the importance of social structure for understanding the different mechanisms working within subgroups in a population to explain the …
Livres/Books
Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process
Agenda building is the process through which demands of various groups in a population are translated into issues which vie for the attention of decision makers (formal agenda) and/or the public (public agenda). This paper presents three models for the comparative study of agenda building. The outside initiative model describes groups with minimal prior access to decision makers, who must consequently first expand their issues to a public agenda …
Galton's Problem in Cross-National Research
Galton's problem raises questions about the nature of explanation in cross-national research using aggregate data. When political units such as states interact, to what extent can correlations between two traits or behaviors, such as socioeconomic development and political stability, be explained in terms of functional relationships within political systems, and to what extent are they the result of diffusion or borrowing among them? This article…
Urban Politics in Nigeria
Grass Roots in an African City
The rural-urban migrant network in Kenya
Rural-urban migration patterns in many settings involve extensive contacts between the city and the country. Such contacts are conceptualized as a rural-urban network of kin who share resources and who visit frequently. Neither setting can be viewed independently of the other. Six antecedent conditions are suggested that should encourage the formation of rural-urban network migration systems. The Influence of the rural-urban network in Kenya is i…
African Metropolis
Participation, Sex, and Social Class
The analysis of sex-related differences in political participation has focused largely on levels of participation, and most available research indicates that women exhibit lower levels of political involvement than men. Empirical studies of participation, in America and Western Europe, report that women tend to vote less than men, to join and participate in political parties less than men, and to be less interested in and know less about politics…
Our Energy; Regaining Control
Counter-Predictive Research Outcomes
Socioeconomic Complexity, Socialization, and Political Differentiation
Political Decision Making and Conflict
Election Night News Coverage
On election night every two years, the three major television networks provide extensive coverage of the election returns. Recently this coverage has engendered considerable controversy because of the timing of election predictions and the use of exit poll data. These questions raise important questions about competing democratic principles. And yet there are other ways in which television's election night coverage is equally controversial for ci…
Internal and External Conflict and Violence
A general theory of conflict and violence (Ross, forthcoming) can help in understanding the relationship between internal and external conflict. Looking at a sample of 90 preindustrial societies supports the proposition that the two have a moderate, positive relationship. More important, however, the analysis identifies conditions under which the two forms of political conflict are associated, and those under which they are differentiated. The st…
A Cross-Cultural Theory of Political Conflict and Violence
Le degre de conflit ouvert a l'interieur des communautes humaines varie largement. On formule un certain nombre d'hypotheses structurelles et psychoculturelles rendant compte de ces variations. Les hypotheses sont testees a partir de donnees concernant un echantillon mondial de 90 societes preindustrielles typiquement etudiees par les anthropologues. Les racines des conflits internes et externes paraissent etre les modalites rudes de la socialisa…
Studying Political Violence and Conflict
in political psychology. I will begin my response by discussing some of the background and general goals of the project, of which the article is one component; then some of the specific points in Ascher's comments; and, finally, the larger issues, briefly placing this piece of research in a broader framework of methodological strategies to be used in the field of political
The Limits to Social Structure
Social structural explanations for conflict, violence, and warfare abound because there is, indeed, an association between the social organization ofa society and the levels, targets, and conflict management techniques it uses. At the same time, social structural explanations are inadequate in at least two important ways. First, on the empirical level, recent research on political violence and conflict (Ross 1985, 1986) shows that social structur…
Female Political Participation
In this paper I seek to understand societal-level mechanisms associated with gender-based inclusion and exclusion from political life. The analysis finds two conceptually and statistically independent forms of female political participation: involvement in decision making, and the existence of organizations and/or positions controlled by, or reserved for, women. A multivariate analysis of data from 90 preindustrial societies identifies social str…
Reconsidering Violence in Simple Human Societies
Studying Politics Cross-Culturally
The successful cross-cultural study of politics entails two important steps: ( 1) the identification of appropriate concepts and the specifi cation of their interrelationships, and (2) consideration of how micro- level processes within communities are related to macroprocesses between them. It is argued here that the concepts of authority, conflict, and community provide the theoretical foundation for the cross- cultural study of politics. Each c…
Election Night News Coverage as Political Ritual
Television news coverage on election night provides a rapid reporting of results, but it does more than just that. It also, this article argues, presents a particular understanding of the political system to its viewers. Beyond the reporting of electoral outcomes, the authors find election night television to be important as a political ritual in which the positive aspects of the political system are emphasized following a period of divisive elec…
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