On fighting versus accepting stressful circumstances

The primacy of primary control over secondary control and ethnic differences in control processes were tested in HIV-positive male state prison inmates. They rated their perceptions of control and psychological distress at an initial interview (N = 95) and 3 months later (N = 78). Regression analyses revealed that primary control had primacy as it had greater adaptive value. However, secondary control did not function as a backup to primary control, and temporal differences in control were not found. No mean differences due to ethnicity (African American vs. White) were found, but there was a strong ethnic difference in the effects of primary control. White participants showed the expected negative relationship between distress and primary control, but African American participants did not. The idea that the benefits of primary control would be the same across various subcultures was not supported.

Criminology · Developmental psychology · Distress · Ethnic group · Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) · Prison · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development · Clinical Psychology · Homelessness and Social Issues · Medicine · Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction · Psychology · Social Psychology

• Defining and Measuring Harmony Control

  Open Access•Beth Morling, Susan T Fiske•Journal of Research in Personality•1999

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• Illusions of control, underestimations, and accuracy

  Suzanne C Thompson, Wade Armstrong et al.•Psychological Bulletin•1998

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• Secondary control reviewed and defined

  Beth Morling, Sharrilyn Evered•Psychological Bulletin•2006

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• Compensating for Losses in Perceived Personal Control Over Health

  Daniel S Bailis, Judith G Chipperfield•The Journals of Gerontology…•2002

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• Getting on with it”

  Susan Hale, Sarah Grogan et al.•Qualitative Research in Psychology•2009

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• Adjustment and acceptance beliefs in achievement settings

  Open Access•Patti C Parker, Raymond P Perry et al.•Social Psychology of Education•2022

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• Positive Affect in the Midst of Distress

  Open Access•Judith T Moskowitz, Dikla Shmueli‐Blumberg et al.•Journal of Community & Applied…•2012

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• Perceived past, present, and future control and adjustment to stressful life events

  Patricia Frazier, Patricia A Frazier et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2011

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• Cognitive Adaptability as a Moderator of Expressive Writing Effects in an HIV Sample

  Open Access•Lois J Wagner, Kellie A Hilker et al.•AIDS and Behavior•2008

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• Psychosocial Factors in Patients With Noncardiac Chest Pain

  C Cheng, Wai-man Wong et al.•Psychosomatic Medicine•2003

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• The influence of perceived control on subjective wellbeing in later life

  Open Access•De Quadros-Wander, Shikkiah De Quadros-Wander et al.•Social Indicators Research•2014

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• Self-Perceptions of Health

  Verena Menec, V H Menec et al.•The Journals of Gerontology…•1999

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• The Vigil

  Open Access•Kenneth I Pargament, Brenda Cole et al.•Journal of Health Psychology•1999

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• Secondary control as a heterogeneous category

  Hiroshi Azuma•American Psychologist•1984

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• Standing out and standing in

  John R Weisz, Fred Rothbaum et al.•American Psychologist•1984

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• A significant stride toward the comparative study of control

  Hideo Kojima•American Psychologist•1984

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